译林模块1 Unit 2 同步讲练及单元自测练习(译林牛津版高一英语必修一教案教学设计)
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Welcome to the unit & Reading
精讲典析
1. Act one 第一幕 (page 22, line 1)
act 的用法
① 它作名词时意为“行为”、“举动”或“幕”。例如：
This dreadful murder is surely the act of a madman. 这种令人惊骇的谋杀纯粹是疯子的行为。
The hero dies in Act 5 Scene 2. 男主角在第五幕第二场死去。
② 它作动词时意为“扮演”、“表演”或“行动”。例如：
He acted his part well. 他扮演的那个角色很成功。
Many children act in TV shows. 有许多孩子在电视节目中进行表演。
Think before you act! 三思而后行！
2. Mom and Dad arrive back from vacation a day earlier than expected. 爸妈休假比预期提前一天回来。(page 22, line 2)
(1) 辨析：vacation, holiday, leave
① vacation 意为“休假”或“假期”时指时间可长可短的假期。表示“在度假”习惯用 be on vacation。注意，vacation 前习惯用零冠词。例如：
I worked in a small beachside restaurant during the college vacation. 学院放假时，我在海滨的一家小餐馆里打工。
They are on vacation now. 他们现在正在度假。
② holiday 意为“休假”或“假期”时多指短期假期，与季节名词连用时，常用复数形式。例如：
We’re going to Spain for our summer holidays. 我们打算去西班牙度暑假。
③ leave 多指“病假”或“事假”，表示“请假”习惯用 ask for leave。例如：
Being ill, Daniel had to telephone his teacher to ask for leave. 因为生病了，丹尼尔不得不打电话给老师请病假。
(2) than expected 意为“比预期的”或“比预料的”，是一种省略结构，还Ô¬为 than they’re expected。因为是“被预期”，所以用过去分词。例如：
You did better in the exam than (you had been) expected. 你在考试中考得比预料的要好。
The project was finished later than expected. 这个项目比预期的要迟一点完工。
expect 为动词，意为“期待”、“预料”或“指望”。其后常接名词、代词、不定式和从句。表示“期待某人做某事”习惯用 expect sb. to do sth.。例如：
They expect to finish the work by Friday. 他们期望到星期五完成工作。
We can’t expect one to change the habit of lifetime in a short time.
我们不能期望一个人在很短的时间内改变他的习惯。
3. I can’t wait to surprise the boys. 我迫不及待地要给孩子们一个惊喜。(page 22, line 5)
( 1 ) can’t wait to do sth. “迫不及待要做……”，带有较强的感情色彩。例如：
I can’t wait to get started again. 我迫不及待地想重新开始。
I can’t wait to see their new baby. 我急着要看他们的新生儿。
有时也见用准否定副词hardly或其他类似的结构。例如：
I can hardly wait to see him again. 我迫不及待地想再次见到他。
The children can’t wait for Christmas to come. 孩子们急切地盼着圣诞节到来。
I can hardly wait for my holiday! 我迫切地等着假期的来临。
( 2 )surprise 的用法
① 它作动词时意为“使惊奇”或“使惊讶”。例如：
His anger surprised me—I had thought he was a calm person.
他的愤怒¬使我很惊讶——我原¬以为他是个冷静的人。
He was so surprised at being discovered that he did not even try to run away.
他由于被发现而非常吃惊，甚至都没有想起要逃跑。
② 它作可数名词时意为“惊奇”、“惊愕”或“意外”。例如：
Don’t tell him about the present—it’s a surprise.
不要告诉他关于礼物的事—这是个惊喜。
③ 它作不可数名词时常用于 to one’s surprise 中，表示“使某人惊讶的是”。例如：
To the teacher’s surprise, he failed in the exam again. 让老师感到惊讶的是，他考试又失败了。
④ 其形容词形式 surprising 意为“令人惊讶的”，其主语通常为物，还可作定语修饰名词，表示事物的性质或特征；surprised 意为“感到惊讶的”，其主语通常为人，常用于短语 be surprised at sth. 和 be surprised to do sth.。例如：
He was extremely surprised at the surprising news! 听到这个令人惊讶的消息，他感到相当惊讶。
He was surprised to see the young woman who had just got off the train. 见到了刚下车的那位女士，他感到很惊讶。
4. You weren't supposed to come home until tomorrow! 你们本应该明天才回来的呀！(page 22, lines 9—10)
be supposed to 的用法
① 它用于把本应该发生的事与实际发生的事进行对比，意为“本应该”。例如：
The sports meeting was supposed to take place on Tuesday, but we had to postpone it due to the bad weather. 运动会本应该在星期五召开，但是由于糟糕的天气不得不推迟。
② 它表示“被认为是”、“被看作”或“据说”。例如：
Opening ceremony was supposed to be held on Monday morning. 据说开幕式在星期一上午举行。
5. What did you do with the money we left? 你们用我们留下的钱做了什么？(page 22, lines 14—15)
辨析：do with, deal with
① do with 意为“利用”、“处理”或“对待”(=do about)，表示“如何、怎样”处理时，常与 what 连用。例如：
The new teacher didn’t know what to do with the noisy class.
那位新老师不知道如何应付班上吵闹的学生。
② deal with 意为“处理”，但表示“如何、怎样”处理时，常与 how 连用。例如：
The young father knows how to deal with children very well.
那位年轻的父亲非常了解如何和小孩相处。
What will you do with this matter?＝How will you deal with this matter? 怎么处理这些事呢？
6. The room is in a mess, with pizza boxes on the floor and dirty dishes in the sink. 房间里乱七八糟，比萨盒子在地板上，脏盘子在洗涤槽里。(page 22, lines 19—20)
(1) in a mess 意为“混乱”、“杂乱”或“肮脏”。例如：
Your room is in a mess. Please tidy it. 你的房间杂乱不堪，请把它打扫干净。
Your books and magazines are almost in a mess; go and put them in order.
你的书和杂志简直是乱七八糟，去把它们整理一下。
(2) with pizza boxes on the floor and dirty dishes in the sink 中运用了“with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”的复合结构，这种结构多用作状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等；也可以用作定语。“with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”有以下几种类型：
① with + 宾语 + 形容词
It is bad manners to talk with your mouth full. 满口食物和人交谈是不礼貌的。
He often sleeps with the door open / closed. 他经常开/关着门睡觉。
② with ＋ 宾语 ＋ 副词
The family went out for a walk with the lights on. 这家人出去散步了，灯还亮着。
③ with ＋ 宾语 ＋ 介词短语
The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand.
老师手里拿着一本书走进了教室。
We human beings could not survive without all the plants and animals around us.
没有动植物我们人类是不可能生存的。
④ with ＋ 宾语 ＋ 现在分词(短语)，
With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English. 有这么多的人每天用英语交流，精通英语将变得越来越重要。
In parts of Asia, you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.
在亚洲某些地方，你不可以坐着翘起二郎腿对着他人。
⑤ with ＋ 宾语 ＋ 过去分词(短语)
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
⑥ with ＋ 宾语 ＋ 不定式(短语)
With two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
由于担心有两门考试通不过，这个周末我真得用功了。
With too much work to do, the mother has no time to take care of her son.
由于有很多工作要做，母亲没有时间照顾孩子。
7. Listen to me young man—remember the day when we left you in charge? 年轻人，听我说——记得那天我们让你负责吗？(page 22, lines 23—24)
(1) leave 的用法
① 它作动词时意为“使¡¬¡¬处于某种状态”或“听任……¬”，其后常接名词、代词、动名词、形容词等作宾补。例如：
Leave the door open, please. 请让门开着！
Don’t leave him waiting outside in the rain. 别让他在外面雨中等。
② 短语 leave alone 在表示“防止干扰”时可以替代 let alone。例如：
Leave him alone and he will do it well. 别打扰他，他会做好的。
(2) charge 的用法
① 它作名词且意为“责任”时常用于 in charge of(管理，负责)，in the charge of(由……¬负责，被管理)和 take charge of(负责)等结构中。例如：
An experienced teacher is in charge of this class. 一位经¬验丰富的老师负责这个班。
This class is in the charge of an experienced teacher. 这个班由一位经¬验丰富的老师负责。
Who is in charge of the factory? 谁¬负责这个工厂？
Mr. Li will take charge of the project. 李先生将负责这个项目。
② 它作可数名词时还可意为“要价”或“费用”。但用于短语 free of charge 时，charge 前习惯不加冠词。例如：
His charges are very reasonable. 他要的价钱很公道。
All goods are delivered free of charge. 一切物品免费送货。
③ 它作动词时意为“索价”或“要价”。它用于结构 charge with 时意为“责令”、“公开指责”或“控诉”。例如：
The barber charges ten dollars for a haircut. 理一次发要价 10 美元。
He was charged with stealing a car. 他被指控偷了一辆汽车。
8. This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished and you... 这可不是一个允许坏行为不受惩罚的家庭，可是你…… (pages 22—23，lines 28—29)
在本句中，go 是连系动词，后接动词的过去分词构成系表结构。例如：
No one can go unpunished if he breaks the law. 如果犯法，没有人可以不受到惩罚。
go 还可后接形容词构成系表结构，意为“处于……状态”，多表示朝不好的情况发展，如：go bad(变坏)，go hungry(变饿)，go mad(变得疯狂)，go blind(变瞎)，go grey(变得灰白)等。
9. Mom and Dad look at each other as lights go out. 灯光熄灭，爸爸妈妈面面相觑。(page 23, lines 32—33)
go out 的用法
① 它意为“熄灭”。例如：
The fire had gone out when the firefighters arrived. 当消防队员到达时，火已经¬熄灭了。
The light went out one after another. 灯一盏一盏地熄灭了。
② 它意为“过时”、“变得不流行”或“不时髦”等。例如：
High boots went out last year. 去年，高筒靴就不流行了。
10. Daniel and Eric’s bedroom. Eric sits on his bed looking at Daniel, who has his arms crossed and looks angry. 丹尼尔和埃里克的卧室。埃里克坐在他的床上看着丹尼尔，丹尼尔双臂交叉，抱着肩膀，显得很生气的样子。(page 23, lines 36—37)
(1) Daniel and Eric’s bedroom 指他们两人共用的卧室。如果要指他俩分别拥有的卧室，则要说 Daniel’s and Eric’s bedroom。
(2) have 的用法
① have sb. do sth. 意为“要某人做某事”。例如：
We’ll have him do it. 我们会要他做那个事情。
② have sb. / sth. doing sth. 意为“让某人或某物一直做某事”。例如：
I’m sorry to have you waiting for me for so long time. 不好意思，让你等这么久。
She always has the TV going at full blast. 她总是把电视机的声音开到最大。
③ have sth. done 意为“使处于……状态”，“使被做”或“有某种遭遇或经历”。例如：
She had her long hair cut short yesterday. 昨天她把她的头发剪短了。
The lady had her wallet stolen at the cinema last night. 昨晚那位女士的钱包被偷了。
另外，let, make 与 have 的第一个用法相同。
11. They don’t deserve to know the truth. 他们不配知道真相。(page 23, lines 41—42)
deserve 作动词时意为“应得”、“应受到”或“值得”。例如：
These people deserve our help. 这些人值得我们帮助。
They really worked hard and they deserve to be rewarded. 他们真的工作努力，值得奖赏。
These proposals deserve serious consideration. 这些建议值得认真考虑。
12. Why didn’t they ask me what happened instead of shouting at me? 为什么他们不问问我发生了什么事，而是对我大嚷呢？(page 23, lines 47—48 )
辨析：instead, instead of
① instead 是副词，意为“代替”或“顶替”。它在句子中作状语。例如：
Besides, I might be reading the books in your father’s bookcase instead. (page 11)
此外，我有可能反而去读你爸爸书柜里的书。
② instead of 是短语介词，意为“代替”或“而不用”。它后面可接名词、代词或动词的 -ing 形式，有时可用来连接两个对等的语法成分。例如：
Now I can ride my bike at the weekends instead of waiting so long for the bus. (page 34)
现在周末我可以骑自行车，而不用长时间地等公交车了。
She went to school instead of staying at home. 她没有待在家里而是上学去了。
They went there on foot instead of by bus. 他们没有乘公共汽车而是步行到那里去的。
13. Do you think we were too hard on Daniel? 你认为我们刚才对丹尼尔太苛刻吗？(page 23, line 51 )
辨析：be hard on sb, be strict with sb, be rude to sb
① be hard on / upon sb. 苛刻地对待(某人), 强调的是“行为、方式”的简单和不和谐。例如：
Don’t be too hard on the boy; he didn’t intend to break the cup.
对这个小男孩不要太严厉了,他不是故意打碎杯子的。
You’re being too hard on her. 你对她太严厉了。
② be strict with sb 严格地要求(某人), 强调的是“行为准则”的标准。例如：
My father was very strict with me. 我父亲对我要求非常严格。
③ be rude to sb 粗鲁地对待(某人), 强调的是言语的“无礼”或态度的“粗暴”。例如：
Maybe, but now that he has been so rude to us, I feel like we have to punish them or he won’t respect us.也许吧。但是既然他已经对我们这样粗暴,我觉得我们得惩罚他，否则他不会尊重我们。(page 23)
Don’t be so rude to your mother! 不要对你母亲这么没礼貌！
14. Maybe, but now that he has been so rude to us，I feel like we have to punish him or he won’t respect us. 也许吧。但是既然他已经对我们这样粗暴, 我觉得我们得惩罚他，否则他不会尊重我们。(page 23, lines 52—53)
(1) now that “既然”, 从属连词词组，引导原因状语从句，类似的从属连词还有 “now” 和 “since”，所引导的状语从句多见位于主句之前。例如：
Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents.
既然你长大了, 就不应该依靠你的父母。
Now(that) he is well again, he can go on with his studies. 既然恢复了健康, 他就可以继续学习了。
Since you are so sure of it, he’ll believe you. 既然你对此这么有把握, 他会相信你的。
Since you’re not interested, I won’t tell you about it. 既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了。
15. This is because plays are written to be spoken aloud. 这是因为写剧本是为了大声说话用的。(page 23)
This is why we didn’t have time to clean the house. 这就是为什么我们没有时间打扫房间的缘故。(page 25)
辨析because，why
because和why都可以用来引导表语从句，但在意义上区别很大；because强调的是因，而why强调的是果。例如：
He didn’t attend the meeting. That was because he was ill. 他没有出席会议，那是因为他病了。
He was ill. That was why he didn’t attend the meeting.
他病了，结果他没有出席会议。/ 那是他没有出席会议的原因。/ 那是他为什么没有出席会议。
16. We feel you should not have done that. 我们觉得你真不应该这样做。 (page 24)
Dad and I realized there is probably an explanation for why the house is so dirty, but you shouldn’t have run out of the room and slammed the door like that. 爸爸和我认为可能有一种解释房子为什么这么脏，但你不应该那样跑出房间，并且砰地关上门。(page 25)
情态动词should + have done sth结构用于肯定句说明过去本应该去做某事而未去完成。这一结构用于否定句说明不应当发生的事，暗含有批评责备之意或埋怨情绪。例如：
They should have arrived in Beijing by this time. 他们这个时候该到北京了。
He should have been careful. 他本应该仔细点。
You shouldn’t have gone. 你真不应该离开。
课堂作业
Ⅰ. 根据课文内容完成表格。
Acts Description of 1 characters The main idea The developing clue
Act
One Dad: happy, relaxed, but angry
Mom: 2 surprised , but puzzled
Eric: surprised and 3 frightened
Spot: 4 tired and hungry
Daniel: surprised and 5 angry Parents are angry. Spot looks so
hungry 10 trash all over the place
Act Two Scene
One Daniel: angry and 6 disappointed
Eric: 7 calm Eric tries to persuade Daniel. A talk between
Daniel and Eric
Scene
Two Dad: angry and 8 hard
Mom: 9 reasonable Mom tries to persuade Dad. A talk between
Mom and Dad

II. 根据课文内容回答问题。
1. Which word is closest in meaning to the word “trust”?
Believe.
2. What did the boys do with the money the parents left? (回答词数不超过 8 个)
They sent the dg to the vet.
3. Why was Dad angry with Daniel? (回答词数不超过 8 个)
Because the room was in a mess. /_Because there was trash all over the place.
III. 根据课文内容填空。
Home alone
Characters: Dad, Mom, Daniel (elder son), Eric (younger son)
Mom and Dad arrive back from 1 vacation earlier than 2 expected to find their home 3 unusual. They find the rooms in a 4 mess with trash all over the place, and their pet dog tired and 5 hungry , but the money for dog food is 6 gone . So they shout at their elder son Daniel. Daniel feels 7 angry as he cannot have the 8 chance to explain the 9 truth to them. In fact, when their parents are 10 away from home, their dog 11 fell ill and the boys used the money to take it to the 12 vet and they had no time to
13 clean the house.
Daniel’s younger brother Eric 14 advises him to tell the truth to their parents or he himself tells the 15 fact . But Daniel wouldn’t 16 listen . At the same time, Dad becomes 17 unhappy at Daniel’s bad 18 behavior and rudeness, and decides to 19 punish him. Mom thinks they should go and 20 ask Daniel what has happened.
Ⅳ.根据首字母提示或汉语提示完成句子,注意词形变化。
1. I worked in a small beachside restaurant during the college vacation.
2. I don’t know why he did that, but I’m sure he had his reasons.
3. It’s rude of you to break in without knocking on the door when we are talking.
4. Bob was so angry that he ran into his room, slamming the door behind him.
5. Soon she began to find fault with me.
6. We cannot believe that Shelia’s behavior (行为)is becoming more than strange.
7. Only adults (成年人) are admitted into the cinema tonight.
8. The club is for teenagers (青少年)and people in their early twenties.
9. You may trust (相信) me that I am speaking the truth.
10.You have to give me some explanation (解释)for your coming late before you enter the classroom.
Ⅴ. 句型转换 将下列句子改为同义句，每空限填一个词。
1. Music can give us a great deal of pleasure. That is why so many people like it.
So many people like music. That’s because it can give us a great deal of pleasure.
2. What did you do with the money we left?
How did you deal with the money that we left?
3. What is your explanation for being late?
Can you explain why you are late?
4. This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.
This is not a family in which bad behavior are not punished.
5. Now that he has been so rude to us, I feel like we have to punish him if he doesn’t respect us.
Since he has been so rude to us, we feel like punishing him unless he respects us.

Ⅵ.完成译文 根据中文原文完成下列各英文译文。（每空限填一个词）
1. 鲁迅本该是当医生的，但是他却成了一位有名的作家。
Lu Xun was supposed to be a doctor. But he became a famous writer.
2. 他躺在草地上，手交叉放在脑后，望着天上的星星。
He lay on the grass, with his hands crossed under his head, looking at the stars in the sky.
3. 你应该早一点来的，太迟了。
You should have come here earlier. It’s too late.
4. 我迫不及待地想尝尝这可口的鲜汤。
I can’t wait to taste the delicious soup.
5. 这间病房是由格林大夫负责的。
Dr Green is in charge of this ward.
Word power & Grammar and usage
精讲典析
1. Call me at 5555 5678. 请打我的电话，号码是 5555 5678。(page 26)
辨析：call at, call on, call for, call off
① “call sb. at + 号码”意为“拨某号码给某人打电话”；“call at +地名”意为“拜访某地”。例如：
When you are in danger, you can call the police at 110. 当你遇到危险时，你可以拨打 110 报警。
He was invited to call at the Great Wall Hotel to see Mr. Chen. 他被邀请去长城饭店见陈先生。
② call on sb. 意为“拜访某人”。例如：
I’ll call on you tomorrow. 我明天去拜访您。
③ call for 有“叫”、“接”、“号召”、“需要”或“值得”等意思。例如：
They will call for you at six. 他们 6 点来接你。
The work calls for patience. 这项工作需要有耐心。
④ call off 意为“取消”或“停止做”。例如：
I’ve called off the trip to Beijing. 我已经¬取消了去北京的旅行。
2. Neither of them would help me! 她们两个人都不来帮我！(page 26)
辨析：both, either, neither
三者都用于谈论两个人或物，可用作代词、形容词或连词。
① 作代词时，neither 意为“两者中任何一个都不”；either 意为“两者中任何一个”；both 意为“两者都”。neither 和 either 作主语时谓语动词用单数形式，both 作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。作代词时，both 可用作同位语，neither, either 则不行。例如：
Neither of the answers is right. 两个答案都不对。
Either of you can do it. 你们俩ˬ都可以做这件事。
Both of us are teachers. 我们两人都是教师。
They both skate well. 他们两人都很会溜冰。
② 作形容词时，三者的意义与作代词时相同，neither 与 either 修饰名词的单数形式，both 修饰名词的复数形式。例如：
Neither film is very long. 两部电影都不很长。
You may use either pencil. 你可以用这两支铅笔中的任何一支。
Both pencils are blue. 两支铅笔都是蓝色的。
③ 作连词时，neither 与 nor 连用，意为“既不……也不……”；either与or 连用，意为“或是……或是……¬”；both与and 连用，意为“两者都”。它们均用来连接两个并列的语法成分。当 neither... nor... 和 either... or... 连接并列主语时，谓语动词通常与其邻近的主语保持人称和数的一致。而 both... and... 连接并列主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。例如：
Neither Jack nor I have seen the film. 杰克和我都没有看过这部电影。
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错，就是我错。
Both John and Mike are good at swimming. 约翰和迈克都擅长游泳。
词汇奥秘
从前，俄克拉¬荷马州(美国中南部的一个州，Oklahoma)有一个农夫乘一艘英国轮船去旅行。在船上，他为自己点了一盘饼干(I’d like some biscuits)作早餐。他正想着要好好地享受那美味香软的饼干时，让他吃惊的是服务员拿来的是坚硬的苏打饼干(It’s called soda crackers in my country.)。他非常迷惑又非常生气。这时，一位好心的英国人向他解释道：英国的 biscuits 指的就是这种坚硬的苏打饼干。这位农夫尝了尝苏打饼干，发现味道不错，就想再多要一些(I’d like some more crackers)。服务员一听到 cracker 这个词，惊讶地张大了嘴。原¬来，cracker 这个词在英国指的是鞭炮(firecrackers)。
笑话讲完了，同学们一定很想知道美式英语和英式英语到底有哪些区别。接下来我们就从语法、拼写、用词和语音四个方面来具体分析它们的差异。
一、美式英语与英式英语的区别
1. 在语法上的差异
① 在某些情况下，英式英语使用现在完成时，而美式英语用一般过去时，尤其是在表达提供消息的时候。例如：
范 例 美式英语(A) 英式英语(B)
他刚回家了。 He just went home. He has just gone home.
我刚吃完午餐。 I just had lunch. I have just had lunch.
哦！天哪！我把车撞坏了！ Oh! My God! I crashed the car. Oh! My God! I have crashed the car
② 介词的用法不同。例如：
范 例 美式英语(A) 英式英语(B)
在周末 on the weekend at the weekend
不同于 different than different from 或 different to
在家 home at home
医生检查了我的脉搏。 The doctor felt of my pulse. The doctor felt my pulse.
③ 打电话时，美国人常说：Hello, is this Jim? 英国人则用：Hello, is that Jim? 在非正式口语中，美国人见到亲近的朋友常说：Hey, what’s up boy? 而英国人会一本正¾¬地说：How are you?
2. 在单词拼写上的差异
美式英语与英式英语在单词拼写上的差异主要有两种：一种是单词发生变化使得个别字母不相同，如 enquire(英)与 inquire(美)，这两个单词的第一个字母不同，但都是商品交易前，一方向对方洽询有关商品的价格、数量、交货时间及付款条件等的询价；“车胎”在英国用 tyre，在美国则是 tire。这类单词仅一个字母不同，发音上有的相同，有的则相似。大致规则是：英式英语部分以 -re 结尾的词在美式英语中以 -er 结尾；英式英语部分以 -ise 结尾的动词在美式英语中拼写为 -ize。
另一种是美式英语单词较为简化，越来越趋向简化，充分体现了美国人生活和工作高效快捷的现代化特性。这些较为简化的词大都源于英语，大量词汇在英式英语里仍然保持Ô¬貌。而进入美式英语后，这些单词就逐渐变得简单起来，从而使用起来较为方便。如较常见的单词 colour(颜色)，在美式英语里就拼写成 color，少了一个字母 u；refrigerator(电冰箱)美式英语是 fridge，比原¬单词要简单得多。单词的简化现象是美式英语与英式英语在单词拼写上的差异的主要表现。下面将中学常见的有英美差异的词汇列表如下：
范 例 美式英语(A) 英式英语(B)
行为 behavior behaviour
颜色 color colour
最喜爱的 favorite favourite
恩惠 favor favour
幽默 humor humour
劳动 labor labour
邻居 neighbor neighbour
珠宝 jewel jewell
羊毛的 woolen woollen
千克 kilogram kilogramme
厘米 centimeter centimetre
纤维 fiber fibre
千米 kilometer kilometre
米 meter metre
剧场 theater theatre
中心 center centre
分析 analyze analyse
认识 realize realise
组织(v.) organize organise
组织(n.) organization organisation
保卫 defense defence
灰色的 gray grey
轮胎 tire tyre
3. 在用词上的差异
用词上的差别涉及人们日常生活和社会活动的各个方面，如衣、食、住、行、商业、教育、政治等各个领域。以下仅举一些常见的例子。
范 例 美式英语(A) 英式英语(B)
秋天 fall autumn
账单 check bill
电动机 motor engine
电影 movie film
公寓 apartment flat
假日 vacation holidays
病 sick ill
电梯 elevator lift
行李 baggage luggage
疯狂 crazy mad
大路(公路) highway main road
钞票 bill note
邮递 mail post
打电话 call ring
海滨 beach seaside
店 store shop
单程(车票) one-way single
时刻表 schedule timetable
罐头 can tin
地铁 subway underground
À¬链 zipper zip
4. 在语音上的差异
美式英语和英式英语在语音方面的差异比较有规律。
① 以 wh- 开头的词，英式英语读 [w]，美式英语则读 [hw]。例如：
范 例 美式英语(A) 英式英语(B)
while [hwail] [wail]
white [hwait] [wait]
where [hwɛə] [wɛə]
② 英式英语中 r 只在元音之前才发音，而在美式英语中它在任何情况下都发音。若是在元音之前，其发音与英式英语相同；若是在元音之后，它往往与之前的元音一起发成自然过渡的卷舌音。例如：
范 例 美式英语(A) 英式英语(B)
more [mɔ:r] [mɔ:]
letter [‘letə] [‘letə]
flower  [‘flauə]
③ 英式英语把 -u 和 -ue 的长元音发作 [ju:]，而美式英语发成 [u:]。例如：
范 例 美式英语(A) 英式英语(B)
reduce [ri’du:s] [ri’dju:s]
due [du:] [dju:]
tube [‘tu:b] [‘tju:b]
④ 英式英语把字母 a 读成[ɑ:]的地方，美式英语一般读成 [æ]。例如：
范 例 美式英语(A) 英式英语(B)
laugh [læf] [lɑ:f]
grass [ɡræs] [ɡrɑ:s]
last [læst] [lɑ:st]
⑤ 在英式英语读音中，字母o的发音是[ɔ]，而在美式英语读音中读[ʌ]。例如：
范 例 美式英语(A) 英式英语(B)
not [nʌt] [nɔt]
bomb [bʌm] [bɔm]
top [tʌp] [tɔp]
当然，美式英语和英式英语之间的差别还有很多方面。现在不少课本里还是采用英式英语，毕竟它是比较正统的用来做学问的语言。而美式英语在口语中用得多，比较时髦。

二、英语中的俗语现象
今天，Jessica 批评了一个学生的作文简直是“狗屁不通”，同事说 Jessica 越来越不像淑女了。其实，Jessica 是一位很文雅的老师，一直都很注意形象的。这不，为了证明自己不仅是淑女而且有才华，特意去查证了“狗屁不通”这个词的来龙去脉。
“狗屁不通”这个成语最初的写法是“狗皮不通”。因为狗的表皮与其他动物的表皮不同，它没有汗腺。但狗却长有一条比较特别的舌头，炎炎酷夏，狗就靠这条舌头来散发体内的燥热。“狗皮不通”，就是针对狗的身体这一特点而言的。由于古人认为“皮”与“屁”均为污浊之物，对于理不通的诗文或不明事理的人，以“屁”贬之，意思更为鲜明。于是，后来人们就将错就错，约定俗成地将“狗皮不通”说成了“狗屁不通”。
汉语中类似的俗语有很多，可是同学们知道英语中的俗语吗？
有这样一个小故事：邻居 Smith 老夫妇身体很健康，精力也充沛，但奇怪的是花园的工作老先生从不插手，只由老太太一手包办。一天，恰巧我和老太太同在各自的后花园收拾，我正想将难于出口的疑团提出，老太太却主动说：My husband is all thumbs when he comes to gardening.
我们夸赞一个人很棒时，常翘起大拇指表示“很棒”。那么，在这个故事中，老太太说她的先生全是拇指(all thumbs)，是不是夸耀她的先生特别棒呢？
每个人手上都有两个大拇指，而且天天都用它们。正因为如此，我们往往习以为常而不把大拇指当一回事。你要是试一试一天不用大拇指，你一定会突然感到你的手很笨，做起事来很不方便。但是，要是手上十个手指都成了大拇指，那也很难受，很不方便。所以 all thumbs 是形容人做事笨手笨脚。故事中的老太太说自己的丈夫有十个大拇指，真是又形象又幽默。
再看下面这个句子：
I wish I had a green thumb like Mr. Jones next door. Every year he grows the best tomatoes and sweet corn in our whole neighborhood. And his roses are absolutely beautiful.
green 是“绿色”的意思，green thumb 按字面意思来¬译的话就成了“绿色的大拇指”。绿色的大拇指究竟是什么意思呢？美国人很喜欢在家里种花草，有院子的人不仅在院子里种花，有的还种各种蔬菜，如西红柿、黄瓜等。但是，有的人种花、种菜种得很成功，所有的植物看上去都是绿油油的，非常光亮，很健康。可是，有的人尽管他们也浇水，也让植物晒太阳，也施肥，但是他们种的植物总是没精神，半死不活。
green thumb 就是指那些很会种花、种菜的人。换句话说，在这些人的手下，植物都生长得很好。
英语中还有很多俗语，平时阅读原版外文书或者观看英美电影时多注意的话，就会发现，有时俗语也会让英语成绩不错的同学傻眼。这里再多举一些例子，给同学们参考。
a wet blanket
使别人兴致低落的人，扫兴的人 eat my hat 我敢打赌……¬决不可能
fish story 完全没有可能的故事 get on the ball 机灵些
hot air 大话，毫无根据的谎言 lend an ear 耐心而同情地听某人说话
let the cat out of the bag 泄密，说漏嘴 like hot cakes 抢手货
make a mountain out of a molehill 小题大做 on pins and needles 如坐针毡
out of this world 指一些非常美丽的东西 paint the town red 形容非常疯狂的庆祝活动
put one’s foot in one’s mouth 说错话 rain cats and dogs 下倾盆大雨
right hand man 得力助手 second sight 超人的视力
skate on thin ice 如履薄冰 take French leave 不辞而别
under the weather 身体不适或精神颓废
语法知识：定语从句（二）
一、由介词引导的定语从句
1. 当关系代词充当介词的宾语时，定语从句由“介词 + 关系代词”引导。如果关系代词指的是人，则由“介词 + whom”引导；如果关系代词指的是物，则由“介词 + which”引导。例如：
The money with which you were to buy dog food is gone, but Spot looks so hungry! 让你们用来买狗食的钱已经花完了，可点点却看起来那么饥饿。(page 22, lines 13—14 )
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他以前读书的那所学校很有名。
We’ll go to visit the famous professor about whom we have often talked.
我们将去拜访那位非常有名的我们经¬常谈论的教授。
2. 在口语中，一般都把介词放在从句后面，这时可以用 that 来引导这个定语从句。如果关系代词指的是人，还可用 whom 引导定语从句，但¾¬常省略 that 或 whom。要注意的是，含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如 look for, look after, take care of 等。例如：
The little girl (that / whom) I look after is my uncle’s daughter. 我照看的小女孩是我叔叔的女儿。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. 这就是我正在找的那块手表。
3. 当先行词是 way 时，后面的定语从句可以用 in which 或者 that 来引导。同时也可省略 in which 或 that。 例如：
I didn’t like the way (that / in which) he talked to me. 我不喜欢他跟我说话的方式。
We admired him for the way (that / in which) he faces difficulties. 我们赞美他面对困难的方式。
4. “介词 + 关系代词 + 不定式”主要用于正式文体中，相当于一个被紧缩的定语从句。该结构中的介词不能省略，也不能位于不定式后面。例如：
She must have time in which to grow calm. 她必须有冷静下来的时间。
Allow me one minute in which to change my clothes. 给我一点时间换衣服。
There the children had a garden in which to play. 在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。 (很正式)
There the children had a garden in which they could play. 在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。(较正式)

二、由关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词的特点
关系副词用于引导定语从句，并在从句中作状语。关系副词主要有 when(表时间), where(表地点), why(表原¬因)。例如：
Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 星期日是没什么人上班的日子。
Do you know a shop where I can find sandals? 你知道哪家商店我能找到凉鞋吗？
That’s the reason why he dislikes me. 这就是他不喜欢我的原¬因。
要注意的是：
① how 不能用作关系副词，不要想当然地将 how 用作关系副词置于the way 后表示方式。例如：
他说话就是那个样子。
误：This is the way how he spoke. 正：This is how he spoke.
This is the way (that / in which) he spoke.
② 引导定语从句时，when 的先行词为时间，where 的先行词为地点，why 的先行词为Ô¬因(主要是 the reason)，但是反过来却不一定。有的同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点、Ô¬因的名词，就认为一定要用关系副词，其实也不一定。在此情况下，还要看关系词在定语从句中是用作什么成分，若是用作状语，则用关系副词；若不是用作状语(如用作主语、宾语等)则不能用关系副词，而用关系代词。试比较：
This is the factory where I want to work.
这就是我想工作的工厂。(work 为不及物动词， where 在从句中用作状语)
This is the factory that I want to visit.
这就是我想参观的工厂。(visit 为及物动词，that 用作 visit 的宾语)
The reason why he can’t come is that he is ill.
他没来是因为他病了。(come 为不及物动词，why 在定语从句中用作状语)
The reason that he put forth is very important.
他提出的理由很重要。(put forth 为及物动词，that 在定语从句中用作其宾语)
课堂作业
I. 根据提示完成句子。
1. She failed her test but it was her own fault, she didn’t do any work.
2. Mind your behavior and be a good student when you go to the new school.
3. Nobody can escape being punished when they do anything wrong to the society.
4. I have no other demands, and I’ve been here mainly to get back what belongs to me.
5. Time is so valuable that no one is supposed to waste it, especially when they are young.
6. The speech last Sunday is such a boring (乏味的) one that many people left halfway.
7. You can pay either in cash (现金) or by credit.
8. A: What has made Jerry so upset (苦恼的)?
B: Losing her wallet when she went shopping yesterday.
Ⅱ. 根据首字母提示完成短文。
Many students want to know about the differences between American English and British English. How did these differences come about? There is no quick answer to this question. At first the language in Britain and America was the same . In 1776 America became an independent country. After that, the language slowly began to change. For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed. For example, 300 years ago the English talked about “fall”. Today, most British people talk about autumn, but Americans still talk about “fall”. In the same way Americans still use the expressions “I guess”(meaning “I think”), just as the British did 300 years ago.
III. 用方框中所给出的俚语填空。
A. lend me an ear B. eat my hat C. a no brainer D. a wet blanket E. pull my leg
F. green fingers G. rained cats and dogs H. green hand I. make a mountain out of a molehill J. as quiet as a mouse
1. Kate, don’t be ___D__ at the party. Let’s dance together.
2. Alice: Can you tell me what this sentence means?
Tim: This one? Oh, it is ___C___. I can tell you.
3. Jim, when I explain the language points, you should ___A___.
4. Rob is always late for school. If he can arrive at school on time today, I will ___B___.
5. Mum: Oh, you got wet all over. How is it, Daniel?
Daniel: Mum, don’t you know it ___G___ on my way home?
6. Bob: Hey! Ellen, you got an A for your history exam.
Ellen: Don’t ___E___. Are you serious?
7. Look at Mr. Smith’s garden. He has ___F___.
8. Boss: Who is that dull boy? He even doesn’t know where his office is.
Manager: This is his first day here. He is a __H__.
9. Eric: Shall I stay in hospital for several days?
Doctor: Don’t __I__. You just got a fever.
10. Teacher: Boys and girls, when you are reading in the reading room, you should remain __J__. Are you clear?
Students: Yes.
IV. 用适当的介词和关系代词填空。
1. Are you interested in any of the songs to which you’ve listened?
2. The boy with whom I went to the cinema last weekend is my best friend.
3. Tomorrow is a particular day on which his daughter will get married.
4. We can’t live without the sun from which we get heat and light.
5. He is the person with whom we talked at the last meeting.
6. The knife with which he cut things was lost yesterday.
7. On April 5, our class went climbing the hill, on the top of which stood a huge temple.
8. I bought a telescope through which I can study the sky.
9. John, to whom you can turn for help, is a very kind-hearted man.
10. That was the real reason for which he was late for yesterday’s meeting.
Ⅱ. 用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。
1. The terrible accident happened near the gym where I do exercise every day.
2. Can you see the dormitory whose window is broken?
3. Jacky Chan, for whom life had once been very hard, is successful now.
4. The article shows the reason why people think some colors are warm and others are cool.
5. The audience gave warm welcome to those who they respected and loved.
6. The girl, whose fastest 400 meters was 4 minutes 21.2 seconds, was an Olympic swimmer.
7. The president wants to say something to the public that has not been said before.
8. Playing football cost the boy plenty of time (that / which) he should have spent doing his lessons.
9. This is the very plan for the summer vacation that is suggested by his cousin.
10. Do you still remember the name of the hotel where we met with the stranger that day?
11. She is the only one among the women writers whose comics are popular among children.
12. She works seven days a week, six of which she must work until 11:00 p.m.
13. One of the rooms where they stayed in the hotel was robbed that day.
14. She didn’t tell me the reason, which she said she would keep as a secret forever.
15. He has lost the key to the room where the papers you need are kept.
16. The doctor to whom the nurse is talking is leaving for Africa next month.
17. That’s the house in which he was born 30 years ago.
18. A picture of the river brought the days back to the old when people swam in it.
19. I’m afraid I am not fit for the job because it is one that requires a lot of patience.
20. Who that has common sense(常识) will not do such a thing.
Ⅲ. 把下面每组句子合并为一个定语从句。
1. I will be in charge of the company next week. The manager will retire(退休) next week.
I will be in charge of the company next week when the manager will retire next week.
2. She told me the reason. For this reason she wouldn’t hate him anymore.
She told me the reason why she wouldn’t hate him anymore.
3. Please put a mark at the places. You have made mistakes at the places.
Please put a mark at the places where you have made mistakes.
4. I can’t understand the way. You have solved the problem in the way.
I can’t understand the way (that / in which) you have solved the problem.
Ⅳ. 单句改错。
1. The bridge which they are building it can have six cars running side by side. (去掉it)
2. Those who has finished the written work can go home now. (has → have)
3. I will employ the man whom they say is a good English speaker. (whom → who)
4. Who is the man that you said hello just now? (hello 后加 to)
5. Can you tell me the place which does Mr. Zhang lives? (which → where)
6. The reason which he didn’t come to school is that he caught a cold. (which 前加 for)
7. September 18,1931 is the day when we will never forget. (when→which/that)
8. He is not such a fool that he looks (that → as)
9. He must be from Africa, that can be seen from his skin. (that → which)
10. Is this museum that you and your classmates visited the other day? (museum前加the)
Ⅴ. ¬翻译下列句子。
1. 你认识那位住在隔壁的女士吗？
Do you know the woman who lives next door?
2. 我写信的钢笔在哪儿？
Where is the pen with which I wrote the letter?
3. 这个村庄是你十年前住的地方吗？
Is this village the place where you lived ten years ago?
4. 他不能提供他这次又失败的任何理由。
He cannot provide any reason why he has failed again this time.
5. 他决定卖掉所有窗户朝南的那幢房子。
He decided to sell the house, all of whose windows face south.
6. 和我一起工作的那个人不得不回家一个月。
The person with whom I worked had to stay home for a month.
7. 你正在等候的那个人是北京大学的教授。
The man you are waiting for is a professor from Beijing University.
8. 这个就是我花费了所有的钱买下的金项链。
This is the necklace on which I spent all my money.
Task & Project
精讲典析
1. I didn’t fail my maths test after all; Miss Xu mixed up my results with someone else’s. 毕竟我的数学考试从来都及格，许老师把我的分数与别人的搞混了。(page 34)
(1) mix up “混淆、混合”, up是副词，如果宾语是代词宾格，应将宾语放在副词之前，如果是名词做宾语，位于副词前后均可。例如：
They are two different things. We mustn’t mix them up.这是两码事，不能混为一谈。
Please don’t mix my papers up. 请不要把我的文件弄乱了。
I always mix up the twins. 我总是把这对双胞胎弄混。
(2) someone else’s
else 常接于疑问词或不定代词之后, 意为“另外的, 其他的, 别的”，当一个不定代名词跟有else，其所有格的形式一般写成这样：someone else’s；为避免前面出现的名词重复，可省略其所有格后的部分。例如：
In the dark the girl student hurried to put on someone else’s coat.
黑暗中女学生匆匆忙忙地穿上了一件别人的外套。
Who else’s book could it have been? 这可能是别的什么人的书?
This book is not mine. Perhaps it is someone else’s (book). 这不是我的书，这可能是别人的(书)。
2. I’ll keep listening to “talk time” every week. 我要坚持每周听“谈话时间”节目。(page 35)
辨析：keep doing sth., keep on doing sth., keep sb. doing sth., keep sb. from doing sth.
① keep doing sth. 意为“继续不断地做某事”或“不停地做某事”。例如：
She kept repeating the “steps” over and over. 她不断地重复着这种“舞步”。
② keep on doing sth. 意为“继续做某事”或“反复做某事”，on 用来强调持之以恒，反复进行，有时可与 keep doing sth. 互换。例如：
In the years that followed, Marx kept on studying English and using it.
在此后的几年里，马克思继续学习和使用英语。
The teacher kept on asking the students questions until the bell rang.
老师反复向学生提问直到下课铃响。
The baby kept (on) crying. 那个婴儿一直哭。
③ keep sb. doing sth. 意为“使某人一直做某事”或“让某人持续做某事”。keep 可用 have来代替。例如：
Don’t keep your mother waiting.
Don’t have your mother waiting.
不要让你妈妈老是等着。
④ keep sb. from doing sth. 意为“阻止某人做某事”。例如：
They kept him from doing bad things. 他们阻止他干坏事。
3. They are meant to be read aloud, and often use less formal language than other types of writing. 它们应该大声读，比起其他的写作类型，它们经¬常使用较灵活的语言。(page 36)
be meant to do sth. =be supposed to do sth., 意为“必须(做)，应该(做)”。例如：
You were meant to ask why I was disappointed with you. 你应该问问我为什么对你失望。
We were meant to go over yesterday. 我们本应该昨天过去。
You are meant to leave a tip. 你得留下小费。
4. I’m sorry, but you must get it tidied up before you go out today. 对不起，你今天外出之前必须把它弄整洁。(page 36)
(1) I’m sorry, but... 常用于表示有些惋惜、不同意或拒绝邀请等时表达歉意。例如：
I’m sorry, but I don’t share your opinion. 对不起，您的意见我不能同意。
(2) get it tidied up 是“及物动词 + 宾语 + 过去分词”的句型。在此处，get 的意思是“使发生某情况”或“使某事发生”。
① 请别人做某事。例如：
I’ll go and get my hair cut. 我要去把我的头发剪一下。
② 使某事完成(自己也可能参与)。例如：
I can’t get the work finished. 这份工作我是完不成了。
5. If you kept your room looking tidy, then it wouldn’t take you so long to clean it up. 如果你保持房间的整洁，你就不需要花这么长的时间去收拾了。(page 36)
(1) 本句使用了虚拟语气。虚拟语气用于对发生的事实表示相反的假设。虚拟语气有三种基本类型。
① 若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语动词用过去式(be 通常用 were)，主句的谓语用“should (would, could, might) + 动词原¬形”。例如：
If you took a taxi, you’d get there quicker. 如果你坐出租车去，你可以快一点到那里。(但你不坐)
If I knew her number I could ring her up.
要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道)
② 若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had + 过去分词)，主句的谓语用“should (would, could, might) + have + 过去分词”。例如：
If I’d left sooner, I’d have been on time. 要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了)
If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life.
要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。(可惜我们找到他太晚了)
② 若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语动词用过去式(be 通常用 were)，主句的谓语用“should (would, could, might) + 动词原¬形”。例如：
If he went, would you go too? 如果他去，你也去吗？(大概他不会去)
If I asked him, I’m sure he’d help us.
如果我向他提出要求，他肯定会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做)
要注意的是，主句谓语中的 should 主要用于第一人称后。would, might, could 的大致区别是 would 表示结果，might 表示可能性，could 表示能力、允许或可能性。
6. What did they do to fix their problem? 他们做了些什么来解决问题？(page 37)
fix 在句中意为“解决”、“安排”或“确定”。例如：
If you want to meet her, I can fix it. 如果你想和她见面，我可以安排。
Has the date of the next meeting been fixed? 下次会议的日期确定了没有？
fix 作动词时还表示“使固定”或“使牢固”的意思。例如：
Please fix the tent poles in the ground. 请把帐篷的柱子固定在地上。
He noted every detail so as to fix the scene in his mind. 他注意到了每一个细节以便牢记这些场面。
7. At the moment he refuses to do almost everything his mother and I ask him to do. 现在他几乎拒绝了所有他妈妈和我要他做的事。(page 38)
(1) refuse 表示“不肯”、“拒不”、“不肯接受”或“不给予”时，后多跟动词不定式。例如：
She refused to go home with her husband. 她拒绝了和丈夫一起回家。
She can’t refuse him anything. 她拒绝不了他的一切。
(2) at the moment “此刻, 现在, 目前”, 如果谓语动词是瞬间动词，此短语表示现在的一时间点；如果谓语动词是延续性动词，则表示现在的一时间段，等于at present。例如：
The police arrived right at the moment of the explosion. 警察就在爆炸的那个时候赶到了。
I can't give the answer to that at the moment. 此刻我无法回答这问题。
At present / at the moment, he is on holiday. 目前，他正在度假。
At the moment / at present, they are playing in the garden. 现在他们正在花园里玩。
8. Sometimes he acts as though he doesn’t even love us at all. 有时他做起事来好像根本不爱我们。(page 38)
as though 意为“似乎”或“好像”，相当于 as if。as if 有以下几种用法：
① 它用在 look, smell, taste, sound 等后面表示可能或真实的事情。例如：
It looks as if it is going to rain. 似乎要下雨了。
It smells as if the smell of gas. 闻起来像煤气的味道。
② 它后面可接虚拟语气。例如：
Mary loves the baby so much as if she were his mother.
玛丽如此爱这个小孩，好像自己是小孩的妈妈一样。
He looked as if he had known the answer. 他看上去好像已经¬知道答案了。
③ 它后面可以跟动词不定式或分词。例如：
The patient opened his mouth as if to speak. 病人张开嘴似乎有话要说。
He stared at the boy as if seeing him for the first time. 他凝视那个男孩好像第一次见到他一样。
9. Recently he has been refusing to do his homework, and instead insists on wasting his time watching DVDS and listening to foreign music. 最近，他总是拒绝做家庭作业，而是坚持浪费时间看 DVD，听外国音乐。(page 38)
(1) insist 意为“坚持”或“坚决”。它主要有以下两种用法：
① insist 后接 on / upon doing sth. 意为“坚决要求做某事”或“一定要做某事”。例如：
He insists on / upon seeing her home. 他坚持要看她的家。
② insist 后接从句表示“坚持要”时，从句习惯用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should+动词Ô¬形”，should可省略。如果表示“坚持说”或“坚持认为”则用陈述语气，谓语动词按常规随时态而变化。例如：
The workers insisted that they (should) be paid equally. 工人坚决要求应平等计酬。
The boy insisted that he had not done that and (should) not be punished.
那男孩坚持说没做那事，不应该受到惩罚。
(2) waste 的用法
① 它作动词时用于“waste + 时间/金钱 + doing sth.”，意为“浪费时间或金钱做某事”。例如：
He always wastes money buying all kinds of cartoons. 他总是花钱买各种各样的卡通片。
② 它作名词时用于 a waste of time / money，表示“浪费时间或金钱”。例如：
Watching TV at weekends is just a waste of time. 在周末看电视简直是浪费时间。
10. Whenever I want to do something or suggest an idea, such as a restaurant we can go for dinner, he doesn't listen to me. 无论何时我想做什么事或提出一点什么建议，比如我们可以到某个餐馆去吃饭，他都不听我的。(page 38)
① 这是一个主从复合句：whenever... an idea，是一个让步状语从句；we can go for dinner 是一个定语从句修饰先行词 restaurant；主句是 he doesn’t listen to me。
② whenever 意为“无论何时”、“每当”或“每次”。例如：
We can leave whenever you’re ready. 你准备好我们就可以动身了。
Whenever she comes, she brings a friend. 她每次来都带个朋友。
The child smiles whenever the puppy appears. 每当那小狗一露面，这孩子便面带笑容。
③ 在 whenever 引导的从句中，有时可省去某些成分。例如：
Whenever possible, she goes to another city to see her daughter.
只要有可能，她就会去另一座城市看女儿。
11. When I refuse to listen to him, he shouts at me and the two of us fight like crazy. 当我不听从他时，他就对我大喊大叫，于是我们两个像发疯似的争吵。(page 38)
(1) 辨析 the two of us, two of us
序数词之前通常要用定冠词，两个短语中的one是代词而非数词。
① the two of us前的冠词起限定作用，意思是“我们两人”，us中仅有两人, 相当于both of us。例如：
Can you take a picture of the two of us. 你能给我们俩照一张相吗。
He was sandwiched between the two of us. 他夹在我们两人中间。
② two of us 意思是“我们中两人”，此时us中不止两人。例如：
Only two of us were fit for the work. 我们中间只有两个人适合做这项工作。
Two of us are the top students in their class. 我们中有两人是班上最好的学生。
(2) like crazy “发疯似地、拼命地”, like是副词，意为“像……似的”。例如：
You’ll have to work like crazy to get this finished. 你一定要拼命地把这份工作完成。
He is running like crazy. 他在发疯似地跑。
12. Then, when I have some spare time and want to be alone, they call me selfish and unloving. 当我有些空闲时间，想一个人独处时，他们就骂我自私没爱心。(page 38)
spare 的用法
① 它作形容词时意为“多余的”、“剩下的”、“空闲的”或“备用的”。例如：
I like playing basketball in my spare time. 空余时间我喜欢打篮球。
Do you have any spare change for the phone? 你有多余的打电话用的硬币没有？
② 它作动词时意为“拔出”、“抽出”、“腾出”或“让出”。例如：
Can you spare me a few minutes? I have something important to tell you.
你能抽出几分钟时间吗？我有重要事情要告诉你。
Could you spare me $5? 你能给我 5 美元吗？
13. He has even forbidden me from meeting my friends online at the Internet cafe! 他甚至还禁止我去网吧见我的网友！(page 38)
forbid 是动词，意为“禁止”、“不许”、“阻止”或“妨°¬”。它常用于以下几个结构中：
① 表示“禁止做某事”习惯用forbid doing sth.。例如：
The government forbids hunting and killing wild animals. 政府禁止打猎和捕杀野生动物。
② forbid sth. to be done 意为“禁止某事被做”。例如：
The librarian forbade these books to be taken out of the reading-room.
图书管理员禁止这些书带出阅览室。
③ 表示“禁止某人做某事”习惯用 forbid sb. to do sth.，但也可用forbid sb. from doing sth.。例如：
His parents forbid him to enter the Internet café. 他父母亲禁止他进网吧。
The factory forbids the workers from smoking in the workshops.
那家工厂禁止工人在车间里吸烟。
课题实践
许多家长可能都有这样的经历：孩子小时候喜欢跟家长说些学校里的事——谁¬惹老师生气了，谁和谁打架了，等等；可孩子上了中学后，话就变少了，家长问起学校的事，孩子也只有简单的两个字——“还行！”
于是很多家长就抱怨孩子不听话，不爱父母。针对这种情况大部分家长采取的措施是唠叨，企图通过唠叨来让孩子就范，实际上效果是南辕北辙。
有一项调查，让学生用五分钟写出家长常说的话，出现频率高的是：
“快起床！都快6点了！”
“你真不争气！你要是有×××一半我也没白受累！”
“上课注意听讲！”
“嘴皮子都磨破了，你怎么就不长记性！”
“别磨蹭！快写作业！”
“现在不好好学，将来怎么办！”
“怎么又考这么点分！”
“不是这道题错就是那道题错，就没有全对的时候！”
“把电视关了！有什么好看的！”
家长可能觉得这些话都是必须要叮嘱的，但却忽略了孩子的心情。这种简单的说教在内心世界日益丰富的孩子面前显得苍白无力，天天讲，月月讲，不把孩子说烦才怪呢！
而孩子们最想对爸爸妈妈说的话是：
“请给我一片属于自己的天地，因为我长大了！”
“别整天唠叨我！”
“严格要求，我没意见，可太严了我受不了！”
“请支持我做些自己喜欢做的事！”
“让我有点自己的小秘密，好吗？”
“我希望得到鼓励，别总是责备。”
“别老当着别人的面指责我，我也有自尊心！”
对于家长来说，要教育好孩子，必须了解他们，接纳他们已¾¬长大的事实，否则只会增加家长和孩子之间的矛盾。
以下就是李琳因为晚归和父母之间发生分歧的对话。
Mom: Where have you been? You promised to be home at ten o’clock. It’s twelve o’clock now.
Li Lin: It’s only ten to twelve.
Mom: That doesn’t make any difference.
Dad: Your telephone is power off. We’ve been very worried about you.
Li Lin: I’m sorry. I was chatting with others and didn’t notice the time.
Dad: Since you couldn’t be home on time, why didn’t you tell us?
Li Lin: I can look after myself. I am not a baby any more.
Mom: You are a girl. You should behave yourself!
Li Lin: Do you think I want to be a girl? I have no choice. I know you want a boy, and don’t love me just because I’m a girl.
Then Li Lin runs into her own room and slams the door.
其实有些话是在冲动下才讲出来的，在冲动时，总是觉得自己是对的，而对方是错的，所以说出的话很伤人。其实父母和子女互相沟通有一个最好的方法就是，父母可以和子女交换日记，把自己的心里话写在日记上，这样有助于了解彼此心里的想法。子女了解到父母的苦心，慢慢就会将自己的心扉向父母敞开。以下举一个交换日记的例子。
Dear daughter,
Maybe you misunderstand me. I have never looked down upon a girl. I'm very strict with you just because you are easier hurt than a boy. I don't want you to be hurt.
Maybe you think it's now in summer holidays, we should allow you to relax yourself. I know relaxation is very important, but going out is not the only way to relax. I think it's dangerous for a girl herself to walk on the street at night, especially you're just a girl of 16 years old, and you always easily trust in others.
My dear daughter, not all people in the world are good enough, so you should learn to protect yourself. Last evening, you promised to be home at ten o'clock before going out. But at ten o'clock, you didn't appear. Your father and I were very anxious, especially when we called you, only to know your telephone is power off.
So, don't be sad, my daughter. We took you as a baby just because we love you too much.
Mom
Dear mom,
I'm very sorry for my yesterday's rude behavior. Once I think you're too talky and have prejudice on girls, I can't help losing my temper.
In the past, you always said: You shouldn't wear long hair. It will take more time to comb it every morning. You should not wear short skirts. You should not go home after 7 o'clock in the evening. You should not read story books.
Of course, you always say to me: You should study hard; you should go to bed before 11 p.m. even at the weekends; you should respect the old; you should...
These years I always misunderstand you and I always think that you only want a boy, not me.
After reading your letter, I know that you love me so much. I'm sorry I took your love as dislike, and always behave against you. From now on, I'll be a good girl, and never let you worry about me.
In fact, you don't need to worry about me so much. I know how to protect myself more than you think.
Li Lin
课堂作业
Ⅰ. 单项选择。
1. The man insisted ___C___ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. （2004江苏）
A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding
2. He A a college graduate but he knew nothing of history.
A. was supposed to be B. supposed to be C. was thought of to be D. thought to be
3. With such so much money on hand, I don’t know ___B___.
A. how to do with B. what to do with it C. what to deal with D. what would do with
4. You’d better have your room B . It’s ___B___.
A. clean, in mess B. cleaned, in a mess C. cleaned, in mess D. clean, in a mess
5. She said she was going to stay there for a week, but in fact she arrived back two days earlier than ___C___.
A. expecting B. to be expected C. expected D. was expected
6. The house was lit up D a big celebration was going on.
A. until B. even if C. unless D. as though
7. —Oh, I’ve missed a good chance.
—Yes. You A the job when it was offered.
A. should have taken B. should take C. might have taken D. must have taken
8. Sorry, sir, you are forbidden ___B___ here. If you like, you can go to the smoking area.
A. smoking B. to smoke C. to smoking D. to be smoked
9. John ___B___ studies here. He has gone abroad for further education.
A. no more B. no longer C. not any more D. not any longer
10. The football fans often ___D___ late to watch live broadcasts of football matches.
A. mix up B. turn up C. put up D. stay up
11.—Have you been to New Zealand?
—No. I’d like to, ___B___. （2005山东卷）
A. too B. though C. yet D. either
12. She said she was going to stay there for a week, but in fact she arrived back two days earlier than ___D___.
A. expecting B. to be expected C. was expected D. expected
13. The passenger was tired and walked more slowly but he got home A .
A. after all B. at all C. first of all D. in all
14. She felt very nervous D so many people looking at her.
A. about B. from C. for D. with
15. She is a C girl. She thinks too much of herself.
A. proud B. rude C. selfish D. mad
Ⅱ. 选用所给动词或短语的适当形式填空。
trust, stay up , go out, leave, mix up, insist on, forbid,
argue about, keep …in mind, clean up, suggest
1. We stay up late to watch a film yesterday and now feel so tired.
2. I was forbidden from leaving the country.
3. Their parents died, leaving three young children.
4. His face suggests that he isn’t really interested in the argument.
5. I argued about the explanation with her for a long time, but she refused to listen to my reason.
6. If you insist on leaving now, please go ahead.
7. Let me clean up the broken glass before someone walks on it.
8. The light went out, so I cannot see anything in the room.
9. That’s something we have always to keep in mind.
10. That man is not to be trusted. He is not honest.
Ⅲ. 选用所给短语的适当形式填空。
become upset with, be busy with, be proud of, be nervous about,
be angry at/with, be in charge of, be hard on, be rude to,
1. I haven’t seem her for some time and she is busy with some important work.
2. Don’t be hard on him; after all, he is a kid.
3. I am angry at what he has said.
4. At the moment, I was nervous about driving again after the accident.
5. He was punished because he was rude to his teacher.
6. I think she may become upset with you but she may not punish me.
7. I’ll be in charge of the whole factory next week when the boss is away.
8. Indeed we do have cause to be proud of our new inventions.
Ⅳ. 书面表达
Ⅰ. 假如你是一名中学生，叫李晓华，请根据下表内容用英语给某报社 Just ask 栏目的主持人 Ralph 写信请求帮助解决一个长期困扰你的问题。
你的情况 1. 学习成绩好。2. 爱母亲。3. 有点害怕母亲。
你母亲的情况 1. 大学教授，工作勤奋。2. 很少有时间和你说话。3. 对你很严，易发脾气。
你的问题 1. 很少交流。2. 希望互相了解。3. 不知如何沟通。
注意：词数 100 左右 参考词汇： 发脾气 lose one’s temper 沟通 communicate with
Dear Ralph,
I’m a middle school student. I’m writing to tell you my problems which troubled me fr a long time. It is the relation ship between my mother and me. My mother is a university professor, who works very hard. She is strict with me, but she is so busy with her work that she has little time to talk to me. I love her and I do well in my studies, but I still feel a little afraid of her because she loses her temper easily. I don’t know how to communicate with her. Maybe it’s because we have seldom sat down and exchanged our feelings and thougts. I hope we can know more about each ther and understand each other better. I do hope we’ll be closer. What can I d?
I do hope we’ll be closer. What can I do?
Yours sincerely,
Li Xiaohua
Extended reading
阅读技巧
戏剧是四大文学样式之一，它是运用文学、音乐、美术、舞蹈等艺术要素来塑造人物形象，反映社会生活的综合艺术。我们读到的剧本是戏剧的文学部分，是一剧之“本”。戏剧文学具有其他文学体裁所具有的共同特点，但由于它要供舞台演出，要受多方面的制约，这样，便产生了剧本区别于其他文体的一般特点：一是时间、空间的集中性，二是尖锐的矛盾冲突，三是语言个性化。
阅读剧本最重要的是品味戏剧语言。
戏剧里有两种语言：一是舞台说明，包括人物、时间、地点、布景的说明，动作、表情、声调的说明，幕起、幕落的说明；二是人物语言，戏剧上称为台词，包括对白、独白、旁白等。戏剧语言是塑造艺术形象的重要手段。
(1) 分析舞台说明，体会它对塑造人物的辅助作用。如本单元的课文 Home Alone 中Act One Line 5 开头的舞台说明：Mom and Dad arrive back from vacation a day earlier than expected. The curtains are closed and the living room is dark when Mom and Dad enter.(爸爸和妈妈比预想的提前一天度完假回家了。他们进房间的时候，窗帘关着，房间很黑。) 这一段舞台说明，交代了故事发生的时间和舞台氛围，a day earlier than expected 也为下文的矛盾冲突做好了铺垫。
(2) 分析人物语言，体会它对塑造人物的主要作用。人物语言是戏剧语言中的重要部分，它是塑造人物、表现主题的基本手段。分析时应从人物语言的个性化、动作化、潜台词三方面入手。
其一，什么人说什么话，个性化的语言是指符合人物性格，最能表现人物思想感情本质的语言。老舍说过，“对话是人物性格的‘声音’，性格各殊，谈吐亦异”。分析时抓住那些特定情境下特定人物与众不同、“话到人到”的特殊语言，就能准确把握人物的性格特征。 而同一个人不同的语言风格也可以表现出不同的态度。试比较 Act One 中 Dad 和 Mom 对 Eric 和 Daniel 所说的话：
To Eric To Daniel
Dad
And look at this room—trash all over the place! Where is your brother? Listen to me young man—(Do you still) remember the day when we left you in charge? We thought you could act like an adult!
Mom
Eric, he’s so tired and hungry! ... What did you do with the money we left? Daniel, we thought you were an adult, a person from whom we could expect good decisions.
通过语言风格的比较不难发现，Dad, Mom 对 Daniel 的态度比对 Eric 的态度要严厉，由此，可以知道，Daniel 是兄长，Dad, Mom 离开时把家交给 Daniel，在出现问题后首先批评的当然也就是 Daniel了。
其二，人物语言有动作性，并不是说用台词来代替人物动作，而是指用台词来表现人物内心复杂细致的思想活动，也就是这种语言展示了性格，表示了意向。读者从台词中可以看出人物的神情举止、内心活动。如 Act One 中 Line 17：Daniel! 一个简单的名字，一声短促的呼喊，暗示了父亲怒气冲冲，恨不得狠狠地教训自己的儿子一顿。
其三，戏剧语言含意深邃地表达人物的思想感情，做到含蓄凝练，“片言百意”，使人们有充分想象的余地，这就是人们所说的具有潜台词。什么叫潜台词呢？通俗地说，就是除话的表面意思之外，还隐含着没有说出来的更深一层的意思，这更深一层的意思即是潜台词。我们阅读时，就是揣摩人物语言的“潜台词”，借助自己的生活经验，体味话里之因，话中之话，话外之意，补充和丰富原¬台词的内容，从而把握人物微妙的内心世界和性格特点。如 Act One 中 Line 5：I can’t wait to surprise the boys! 这里不仅暗示了母亲很想见到她的孩子们，还暗示母亲很爱自己的孩子。又如 Act One 中 Line 9—10：But, but... you weren’t supposed to come home until tomorrow! 这里不仅暗示了 Eric 很紧张，还暗示在父母离家的日子里，家里发生了一些出乎父母意料的事情。再如 Act One 中 Line 24—25：We thought you could act like an adult! 这里暗示了父亲对儿子的行为很失望。等等。
同学们在阅读时如能抓住这些精练、含蓄的语言，体味其中的意味，就不难领会人物复杂微妙的内心世界和性格特点，也不难理解戏剧所要表达的思想。
阅读欣赏
The Sound of Music
(Maria makes the children’s play clothes out of the drapes and takes the children out to enjoy the out-door activities.)
Louisa: Fraulein Maria, can we do this every day?
M: Don’t you think you’d soon get tired of it, Louisa?
Louisa: I suppose so. Every other day?
Kurt: I haven’t had so much fun since the day we put glue on Fraulein Josephine’s toothbrush.
M: I can’t understand how children as nice as you manage to play such awful tricks on people.
Bargitta: Oh, it’s easy.
M: But why do it? <

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