| Quality Education of English Teaching In Senior Mi (中学英语教学论文) |
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A Thesis Submitted In Partial Requirement for Bachelor`s Degree of Arts . By Ma Xingyuan UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR Pan Xiqing 2001 English Major College Of Continuing Education June 6, 2004. OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Language Quality 2.1 Education and Training 2.2 Relationship Between Master and Training Ability 2.3 The Relationship Between Learning English and Training Abilities 2.4 Relationship Between Language and Culture 2.5 English Quality Education and Tests 3. Idea Quality 4. Latent Energy In Study 4.1 Attention Training 4.2 Observation Training 4.3 Memory Training 4.4 Thought Training 4.5 Student Learning Experience Training 4.6 Learning to Communicate 5. The Independent Study 6. Conclusion ABSTRACT: Quality Education and Exam Education reflect two different kinds of teaching thoughts. The teaching aims of Exam Education is to help student enter higher school, while Quality Education facilitates students to develop their personality and help them to have full scale development on morality , wisdom, health, aesthetics and skills, etc. Furthermore, since China has entried WTO , to train more talented persons of foreign language becomes vital . They must meet the needs of international communication. Teachers are needed to embody quality education in English teaching . This article will discuss quality education of English teaching in such matters as follows : (1) . Language Quality; (2) . Idea Quality; (3) . Latent Energy in Study; (4) . The Capacity of Independent Study . KEY WORDS: Quality Education capacity language communication culture latent memory Quality Education of English Teaching In Senior Middle School 1.Introduction In the 21st century , China will advance with giant strides into a brand new era of knowledge-based economy . Education , especially quality education , the source of development in all fields, will also take on a new look in the new era. In addition , China`s entry into the WTO will have profound significance for the country . It will bind her to international trading rules and encourage foreign firms to invest on the basis of more transparent laws, quality educations and regulations. For these reasons, English is an important language to be learned and acquired in order to do business and communicate with people in the world. At present, more and more people have studied English. It has become an international language of social science. Quality Education and Exam Education reflect two kinds of teaching thoughts . The teaching aims of Exam Education is in order to enter higher school. Testing has replaced teaching in most public schools. Some schools week is framed by pretests, drills, tests, and retests. The ability to read or write or calculate might imply the ability to do reasonably well on standardized tests . However, neither reading nor writing develops simply through being taught to take tests. We must be careful to avoid mistaking preparation for a test of a skill with the acquisition of that skill. Too many discussions of basic skills make this fundamental confusion because people are test obsessed rather than concerned with the nature and quality of what is taught. And Quality Education faces to all students to develop the students` personality and make the students have full scale development on morality , wisdom , health, aesthetics and skills and so on. The purpose of Quality Education not only teaches students knowledge, but also must teach students how to seek knowledge , be humane, be health, to live and aesthetic judgement and so on . It is good for their development in the future . What on earth shall we do with Quality Education for the students in English teaching? And what do we train the students on qualities and abilities? I will inquire into teaching and studying from this locality, as follows . 2. Language Quality Language quality includes abilities of language knowledge, listening, speaking, reading, writing and communication in English. Among which communication ability includes two respects, that is language ability and pragmatics ability. While language ability means that mainly master pronunciation , vocabulary and grammar rules, and also can differentiate and conform with sentence-making, which emphasize accuracy of language . And pragmatic ability includes social language capacity , which speak impromptu and speech. It emphasize to use language that is fluency and proper. English is an important language to be learned and acquired in order to do business and communicate with other peoples of the world. There was concern over the fact that teaching English at an early age might impair the child's knowledge . However, I think those of us who have seen bilingual children speaking fluently in English find that they do not have any more difficulty in their language skills than their monolingual counterparts. On the other hand, Some children learning English usually go to class only once a week for about an hour. Could such a short period of time learning English interfere with the development of their mother tongue? As for the age for starting a new language, I know of a 2 year old whose mother speaks to her in English . The child literally has "bilingual ears", as she is still not able to talk. She reacts exactly in the same way to the same sentence when she hears it in English. It doesn't look as if she is confused by the use of English languages. However, it would be interesting to see how she uses the languages when she really begins to talk. In order to train the students` communication ability, something relative must be done in teaching as follows. 2.1 Education and Training Training is intended primarily for the service of society; education is primarily for the individual. Society needs doctors, lawyers, engineer, teachers to perform specific tasks necessary to its operation, just as it needs carpenters and plumbers and stenographers. Training supplies the immediate and specific needs of society so that the work of the world may continue. And these needs , our training centers_the professional and trade schools_fill. But although education is for the improvement of the individual, it also serves society by providing a leavening of men of understanding, of perception, and wisdom. They are our intellectual leaders, the critics of our culture, the defenders of our free traditions, the instigators of our progress. They serve society by examining its function, appraising its needs, and criticizing its direction. They may be earning their livings by practicing one of the professions, or in pursuing a trade, or by engaging in business enterprise. They may be rich or poor. They may occupy positions of power and prestige, or they may be engaged in some humble employment. Without them, however, society either disintegrates or else becomes an anthill. Language knowledge is foundation that realize communication ability. The more students master language knowledge, the sturdier their foundation to be. Furthermore, training communication ability is much more and more successful. It means that students master language and unlikely really ability. We should combine knowledge teaching , training ability in class and guide students to apply knowledge that about studying language knowledge, that is not only “Flexible Study”, but also “Flexible Usage”. What is called “ Flexible Usage” is to put language knowledge into the language situation. This demands teachers to sublate teaching method of “All-round Impartation”, and pass on skills exactly with more exercises in teaching, and teach with audiovisual situation and communication. Strive for improving students` communication ability . 2.3 The Relationship Between Leaning English and Training Abilities It is important to train habit and capacity of students` thought in English about training real ability of English. Some students are caused to use phonetic alphabet to pronounce English words and falsify English sentences according to Chinese if teachers speak Chinese too much in English class, and lack language circumstances. On real expression of students, they usually cannot help seeking Chinese for help, and ideas they want to express are put them into English in Chinese, and then say it in English, thus seriously the accuracy of language expression is influenced. Private kindergartens are starting to compete very well with government-sponsored kindergartens. This could be a problem, as the education bureau has no strict policy on whether kindergartens should offer English courses or not. I think the education supervision department should enforce strict measures in teachers' qualification and textbooks. The quality of kindergarten teachers is the key for the growth and future success of young children. I feel that a coordinative department which is solely responsible for checking the qualifications of teachers needs to be set up. All kindergarten English teachers should be required to receive the institution's qualification certificate before starting their teaching. Teachers must have perfect pronunciation and daily conversation skills. As for textbooks, a standard textbook is necessary. The government should strengthen its effort in examining textbooks and making sure that they meet high standards. For the sake of training directly students` habit and ability of thinking in English, we should pay attention to in teaching as follows: Firstly, adopt means of audiovisual teaching, we must try to link with English and things we expressed, and make students comprehend and remember directly. Secondly, We should talk in English as much as possible, so that students can respond to English instructions immediately. Thirdly, if it is really necessary, we may contrast between Chinese and English. 2.4 Relationship Between Language and Culture Language is carrier of culture. People`s knowledge, summary, recording objective things and expressing view of objective things, and while we use a certain language, we are given influence and restraint of culture system, but culture system forms among different historical background, economy , culture and geography environment. To English-speaking people, praise is to be accepted, generally with a remark like “Thank you.” It is assumed that the compliment is sincere, that the praise is for some not unworthy achievement or thing. Therefore, there should be no show of false humility, no pretended modesty. To Chinese, however, the customary reply to a compliment would be to claim that one is not worthy of the praise, that what one has done is hardly enough, or that success was more a matter of luck or some other circumstances. Aceptance of a compliment would imply conceit or lack of manners. So, in the two cases above, the reason for such different reactions was differences in customs and habits. Each was interpreting what the other said according to his or her own culture. Different society engenders different culture, therefore, he/she cannot learn and use this kind of language if someone doesnot understand the cultural background of language that he/she had studied. 2.5 English Quality Education and Tests Based upon a careful analysis, qualitatively and quantitatively, of a questionnaire, this paper makes a perspective reconsideration into the teaching objectives, testing content and methods, use of test results and teaching effect of the middle school English teaching and testing in traditional sense. Following a close examination of the meaning and characteristics of the term "quality" in Quality Education, it makes a probe into the features and requirements of communicative language testing, and further offers proposals for improving the current English teaching and testing in China. It points out that, as Quality Education of English revolves around developing the learners' overall language qualities and aims to improve their language proficiency, the teaching and testing should be conducted in a flexible way in accordance with the social and economical conditions in various regions. It is argued that more new teaching and testing patterns with characteristics of the times and localities be developed.. 3. Idea Quality English teaching program stipulates: “adhere to teaching regularity, place ideological education on language teaching, osmose patriotism, socialism and ideological morals education, enable students set up right ideas and foster a good morality”. In fact, this demand is to fulfill intellectual civilization into daily English teaching . Ideological quality education in English teaching donot at all empty talk reasons and sticking to tag, must abide by regularity of language teaching instead and integrate reality of students closely and unobtrusively influence, make ideological quality education osmose each link of classroom teaching. Moral education includes political, ideological, moral and psychological quality education. The basic task of moral education in primary and secondary education is to foster the students into citizens with ardently love for the motherland, social ethic, civilized behavior and observation of laws. Further to the basic task, moral education should guide the students to build up the correct outlook of the world, life and evaluation, consistently improve their socialistic consciousness so as to lay a solid foundation for them to become a rising generation having lofty ideas, moral integrity, knowledge and culture, and observing disciplines. China has been a ceremonial nation since ancient times, which advocate to respect the old , cherish the young and help others with pleasure. Teacher may teach with everyday English, let students cultivate habit of manners. Greetings such as, “Good morning.” “How are you?” “Thank you.”and “Excuse me” of English that frequency of usage is often. No matter when and everywhere, no matter treating family member or strangers, if you add to them with trouble or inconvenience, and usually say, “Excuse me!” Such polite speech pierce through the whole set of English textbook. Teacher must take advantage of these textbooks to make students raise habit of civilization and politeness with the whole opportunity, and then train students` good behavior when they study English, again such as JEFCBOOKⅠ, Lesson99, Lily writes to her friend in America on a piece of post card, “China is great ! Chinese people are very friendly.” Teachers full use such source material to arouse students` patriotism, so that strengthen their sence of pride of nationality. In a word, the teaching material includes rich thought education. From beginning of civilization and manners , respect the old and cherish the young, unite and friendship, help others with pleasure, observe discipline and law and so on, which subject matter of thought and morality to population education with full of times characteristic later period, environmental protection, balance of creature and space technology which are human beings common concerned about topics. So long as teacher is adept in wielding and guide students with situations in teaching course. We can naturally merge thought education into English teaching . 4. Latent Energy In Study Developing the latent energy in study is the important content of quality education. Developing the latent energy mainly lies on developing students` potentialities which includes attention the abilities of observation , memory and thinking. It is also the only way to develop personality. 4.1 Attention Training Attention is not only helpful to enrich vocabulary and train skills, but also to develop personality . During the procedure of English learning, students usually can`t concentrate their attention on the unclear, dull vocabulary or the vocabulary that they don`t understand, which affects their study. As a result, in order to arouse and keep the students` attention, we must keep teaching approaches in class flexible and teaching forms various. Interest is another key factor to arouse the attentions. Teachers should be good at making best use of games competitions and so on to arouse the students` interest in study; and teachers should take advantage of literary language, dramatic performance and questions that makes the students curious about to arouse the students` attention. As teachers , we should not only train the students` unintentional attentions, but also pay more attention to the students` intentional attentions. So the education to emphasize the objectives and consciousness of study and the training for the strong will be necessary, which help the students form good habit and promote study efficiency. 4.2 Observation Training English learning mostly depends on imitation. The precondition of imitation lies on observation. In class, teacher is the first object of imitation that is to say , teacher is the first object of observation. From this aspect, teacher is very important as a model. In order to train the students` observation, during teaching teacher should do as follows. First, when teaching vocabulary, teacher should make best use of real objects , pictures, multi-media even the teacher`s body language, expression, degree of lip-rounding, expressions in the eyes and so on to help students understand and memorize the pronunciation and meaning of the new word on the base of observation. Second, when teaching the structure of drills, teacher should instruct students to observe examples to find out the internal connection of English structure and the different structures between English and Chinese. Third, when teaching the text, the text understanding goes first , then the sentence understanding, at last the words and phrases. In this way comprehension teaching doesn`t begin with the study of vocabulary and grammar, but makes the students observe by themselves find out language, phenomenon and understand vocabulary standing in the height of the whole passage, and having a knowledge of the structure and the content of the whole passage. 4.3 Memory Training The procedure of memorizing is the procedure struggling against forgetting. Therefore, in order to keep memory students must keep studying and consolidating. According to related study, the forgetting speed is from fast to slow. If it isn`t reviewed in time, that is within 8 days, 40%_70% of the knowledge will be forgotten; If it is reviewed three times on the third day, the 4th and the 8th day, 95% of the knowledge will be kept. So teacher`s helping students review in timeis an effective way to help them memorize knowledge. When revising separate revision and trying to recall are advocated. Trying to recall refers to that when mastering the basic knowledge, students should try to recite the knowledge points as soon as possible and find out the difficulties and problem to strengthen aim of the following study. By way of long-term training, if we improve students` memory, we must train and deepen their understanding. 4.4 Thought Training Thought is the activity of analysis, synthetical judge and inference on the basis of superficial phenomenon and concept, and is the core of cognition structure. When teaching in class, teachers should give different demands to students according to their ages and thought features. Abstract ability of junior students is not enough, so more object teaching should be used. Train students to think directly in English, and train them to be capable of logical thinking step by step and from the shallower to the deeper, so teachers should inspire them to acquire new knowledge by inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. 4.5 Student Learning Experience Training English Studies employ a distinctive teaching method based on blocks of two, three or, sometimes, four hours per week. Although these sessions are termed seminars, they are, in practice, an opportunity for conducting a range of activities. Most were effective and the best included a well-organised variety of methods of teaching. Student presentations, discussions, question-and-answer sessions and meetings to return students' work with comments featured in the excellent sessions observed by assessors. This pattern of teaching and learning was particularly appropriate in drama and appears to be popular with students. However, not all seminars were well attended and a significant proportion were not making full use of the period of time and range of activities available. In some cases, the seminar groups were too large for the chosen teaching methods to be effective. Assessors recommend a review of the effectiveness of the less satisfactory three and four-hour sessions and a restriction on the number of students attending each seminar. 4.6 Learning to Communicate In China after several years of teaching English successfully in their public schools in the upper grades, they have started teaching first graders from this year. One of the main discussions for overall English education was that of motivation: how to motivate students so that they will want to learn English. Songs, games and other activities were mentioned in the report. If the teacher is trained and prepared with different techniques and good teaching materials, half of the work is done. But the other half has to be done by the students. One of the best ways to motivate them is by getting them to talk to each other. Even children as young as 4 years old can be taught to do pair practice in many exciting ways. 5. The Independent Study Capacity It is said an illiterate person in the 21st century is not the person who is not able to read but the person who is not able to study independently. That fully proves the importance of studying independently. How can we train our students to study independently in English education? First, help student to cultivate the habit of thinking on their own . The premise of cultivating the habit of thinking on their own is that an independent learn should have the study habits as follows. Prepare lessons before class and find questions; Listen carefully and take an active part in teaching in class; Preview after class, conclude and induce to strengthen memory. Besides these, listen much capbably and often, speak courageously, much and often and write much and often. All of these ask students to finish them and form habits. Second, instruct students to master right ways of study. Education is a combination of teaching and learning, and is a complete teaching system of two aspects: teachers` teaching and students` learning. If students are asked to really master knowledge and gain ability, the teacher should not only instruct them but also give the rein to their subjective initiative. Teachers should not only pay attention to their teaching approaches but also study the students` learning methods to help students to find the ways which are suitable for their personalities. Mastering the correct learning way is equal to gain the gold key to open the treasure-house of idea. Third, arouse the conscious dynamical roles of students . The purpose of quality education is to train all the students and fully develop the personality of each student. Arousing students` learning enthusiasm according to their characteristics is an important side of developing their studying independently. This asks teachers to teach students in accordance with their aptitude, to give specific help to different problems of individual student and to pay attention to the interest and variety of teaching content and teaching forms, which will train the students` learning, interest and arouse each student`s active learning. 6. Conclusion This paper only talks about some knowledge from the four aspects: language quality, thought quality , learning potentiality and capability of studying independently. In fact, quality education has rich intention, a great deal of content. Lots of problems are waiting to be discovered, studied and solved by teachers. And teachers also should enrich their knowledge of quality education and theory and practice about education science. Bibliography: 1. 班华主编《中学教育学》，人民教育出版社，1994年。 2. 施良方《学习论》，人民教育出版社，1996年。 3. http://www. English. Upenn. Edu. 4. Colin.W.Davis.New Expressway English. 5. Singapore: FEP International Pte.Ltd.Jurong. 1989. 6. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 相关链接：教学论文
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