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考情动态分析 形容词和副词是英语中最为活跃的词类之一,因为有了它们,语言才更加丰富多彩。对形容词的考查,自1995年至2003年的全国卷中,只有1998、2001、2002三年“冷”过,其余各年均为考试热点。2004年15套高考试题共有8套9次考查了该部分。对副词的考查密度则更大,全国1994、1996、2000至2002副词均为热点,且2003年则将形容词与副词联合考查,难度更大,考法更灵活。近年高考题对该部分测试的重点为:在语境中形容词、副词的意义选择和固定搭配中出现的形容词;形容词和副词的级别形及它们的修饰语;多个形容词修饰名词时的排列顺序和副词修饰形容词的位置等。测试者对形容词和副词常考不懈,这提醒我们在平时复习中对这两词类不可轻视。同时,笔者认为,来年高考中两词类仍将是一个考查热点。 考点核心整合 一、形容词概述 形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的不定代词时,要放在这些词之后,例如:something nice 二、以-ly结尾既为形容词 (一)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,l ively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词,如: Her singing was lovely. He spoke to me in a very friendly way. (二)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如:daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 三、形容词表示类别和整体 (一)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如: the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The poor are losing hope. (二)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。如: the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 四、多个形容词修饰名词 多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为: 限定词—数词—描绘词—(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)—出处—材料性质,类别—名词,如: a small round table;tall gray building;dirty old brown shirt;famous German medical school;an expensive Japanese sports car 如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的放在后,在不能确定时,可参照以下顺序:限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词,如: those+three+beautiful+large+square+old+brown+wood+tables 五、副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。
(一)副词的位置 1.在动词之前。 2.在be动词、助动词之后。 3.多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。 注意: (1)大多数方副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。如: We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. (2)方副词well,badly(糟、坏),hard等只放在句尾。如: He speaks English well. (二)副词的排列顺序 1.时间,地点副词,小单位在前,大单位在后。 2.方副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。如: Please write slowly and carefully. 3.多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方+时间副词。 注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。如: I like English very much. 注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可以。如: I don’t know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 六、兼有两种词性的副词 (一)close与closely close意思是“近”;closely 意思是“仔细地”,如: He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely. (二)late 与lately late意思是“晚”;lately意思是“最近”,如: You have come too late. What have you been doing lately? (三)deep与deeply deep意思是“深”,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,“深深地”如: He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film. (四)high与highly high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much,如: The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. (五)wide与widely wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是“广泛地”,“在许多地方”,如: He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world. (六)free与freely free的意思是“免费的”;freely 的意思是“无限制地”,如: You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely;say what you like. 七、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变 化两种。 (一)规则变化 单音节词和少数双音节词,在词尾加-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。 1.一般单音节词末尾加-er,-est,如: tall(高的) taller tallest; 2.以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st,如: nice nicer nicest,large larger largest,able abler ablest; 3.以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写词尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est如: big bigger biggest,hot hotter hottest 4.以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词改y为i,再加-er,-est,如: easy easier easiest,busy busier busiest 5.少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词末尾加-er,-est 如: clever cleverer cleverest,narrow narrower narrowest 6.其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。如: important more important most important,easily more easily most easily (二)不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good(好的)/well(健康的) better best bad(坏的)/ill(有病的) worse worst old(老的) older/ oldest/ elder eldest much/many(多的) more most little(少的) less least far(远的) farther/ farthest/ further furthest 八、as+形容词和副词原级+as (一)在否定句或疑问句中可用so...as,如: He cannot run so/as fast as you. (二)当as...as中间有名词时采用以下格:as+形容词+a+单数名词+as;as+many/much+名词+as,如: This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can. (三)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。如: This room is twice as big as that one. Your room is the same size as mine. (三)倍数+as+adj.+as 倍数+the+n.+of,如: This bridge is three times as long as that one. This bridge is three times the length of that one. Your room is twice as large as mine. Your room is twice the size of mine. 九、形容词和副词比较级+than,如: You are taller than I. The lights in your room are as bright as those in mine. 注意: 1.要避免重复使用比较级。 He is more clever than his brother. He is cleverer than his brother. 2.要避免将主语含在比较对象中。 China is larger than any other countries in Asia. 3.要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 4.要注意冠词的使用,后有名词的时候,前面才有可能有冠词。 比较:Which is large,Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country,Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters. 十、可修饰比较级形容词或副词的词 (一)a bit,a little,rather,much,far,by far,many,a lot,lots,a great deal,any,still,even等 (二)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。 (三)以上词(除by far)外,必须置于形容词比较级或副词的前面。 例题: 1.—Are you feeling ? —Yes,I’m fine now. A.any well B.any better C.quite good D.quite better Key:B.any可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better。 2.The experiment was easier than we had expected. A.more B.much more C.much D.more much Key:C.much可修饰比较级,因此B,C两项都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C项为正确答案。 3.If there were no examinations,we should have at school. A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time Key:D 十一、the+最高级+比较范围 (一)The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the,副词最高级前可不用。 形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示“非常”。如: It is a most important problem. →It is a very important problem. 注意:使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。如: Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. (二)下列词可修饰最高级,by far,far,much,mostly,almost.如: This hat is nearly/almost the biggest. 注意: 1.very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。如: This is the very best.This is much the best. 2.序数词通常只修饰最高级。如: Africa is the second largest continent. (三)句型转换: Mike is the most intelligent in his class. →Mike is more intelligent than any other st