一 事实细节理解—考信息捕捉能力 ※考点提示： 细节题主要考查考生对文章（或某一段落）中某一特定事实信息的捕捉和理解能力，通常包括直接细节理解题和间接细节理解题。直接细节理解题与原文挂钩，在文中可直接找到答案，但往往与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。间接细节理解题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换，依靠主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系进行加工或整理后方能得出结论，此类试题在高考试题中占大多数。 ※ 解题方略： 1、常见命题方式有： 1）常用who, what, when, where, why和how等特殊疑问词提问。 2）是非题。三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)：Which of the following is true except…? Which of the following is mentioned except… Which of the following is true／false？ 3）排列顺序 4）说明因果关系 5）看图判断 6）计算题等。 2、选项的特点： 1）正确选项的特点：正确选项一般都会在原文的基础上进行改写。常用方法就是同义词替换或释义，即把文中的语言（词汇或结构）改头换面，来表达相同的意思。 2）干扰项的特点：是原文的信息，但不是题目要求的内容；符合常识，但不是文章内容；与原句的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；在意思上与原文大相径庭，甚至完全相反；部分正确，部分错误。 3、做细节题时要将自己精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈Z形扫视，直到找到细节出处（即定位），待找到含细节句子时，就要放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。 【例】（2007，四川，A篇） I believe that my country, Poland, is a perfect example for a place where food is particularly important. When we were little children, we began to understand how much a loaf of bread meant to our parents----to some it might sound silly but for me the custom of kissing bread before you started cutting it was simply amazing. It's not so common nowadays to treat food that way, since you hardly ever bake your own bread. Besides, everyone would call you crazy if you tried to kiss every bread roll before you ate them! But though we no longer make our food from scratch (起点), some customs have been kept---that's why I feel so sorry every time I have to throw any food away—even though I no longer live with my parents and nobody would blame me for this any more!……
56. When the writer was a child, he / she ________. A. found people were crazy about bread B. began to realize the importance of food C. thought that cutting bread was amazing D. learned people hardly baked their own bread 【解析】：根据题干When the writer was a child可知此题是细节理解题，解题时迅速找出其在文中的位置：第一段的第二句话when we were little children, we began to understand how much…。选项B中的began to realize the importance of food与文中的began to understand how much…意义相同。答案选B。 57. The writer feels very sorry when he/she has to throw away any food because . A. he/she makes food from scratch B. his/her parents would blame him/her C. some customs still have effect on him/her D. many people are still working hard as farmers 【解析】：根据题干The writer feels very sorry when he/she has to throw away any food可知此题是细节理解题，而且是表示因果关系的细节题。解此类题时，先将题干的这个“结果”定位于文中出处，然后在其上下找出“原因”即可。此题根据文章第一段的最后一句话some customs have been kept…得知。答案选C。 ※规律小结： 该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从题干中抓住关键性词语，以确定此道题是事实细节题。然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧，快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。 ※高考警示： 解答细节理解题，定位能力很重要；最基本方法是：定位＋改写= 正确答案，即选项在意思上与原文相同的，才是正确的，而不一定是与原文一字不差的。
二 词义猜测题—考识别能力 ※考点提示： 对词义考查通常有两种方式：对超纲词汇含义的推断；熟词生义、或是在特定场合的意思。 ※解题方略： 1、常见命题方式有： 1) In Line...the word...could best be replaced by which of the following? 2) The word ... in line ... probably means _____. 3) In line ..., the word ... refers to _____. 4) Which of the following is nearest/ closest in meaning to ... ? 2、选项的特点： 1）正确选项的特点：对于超纲词汇的正确解释，如果将其带回原文，符合逻辑，使文章通顺易懂；对于未超纲词汇或短语的正确解释，往往是熟词生义，是根据上下文推测的一个特定场合的含义。 2）干扰项的特点：对于熟词，干扰项会列出它的字面意思或常规意义；除此之外，命题人还常用凭空杜撰出来的其他意思来干扰考生，但只要将此意义带入原文，不符合逻辑的就能排除。 3、解答此类题目时可根据合成、转化、派生等构词法知识猜测词义; 还可以根据上下文中的同义词、反义词, 利用上下文中的定语、同位语、作者的解释、注释等猜测词义; 也可以利用上下文中信息词语, 如: while, but, rather than, far from, that is (to say), more than, rather等判断词义。做此类题目时千万要记住一点：一定要在原文的语境条件下，联系上下文进行推断和猜测词义,不要想当然。 【例1】（2007，全国I，D篇） …。Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education.… 69.The words “hooked on teaching” underlined in paragraph 2 probably means__________ A. attracted to teaching B. tired of teaching C. satisfied with teaching D. unhappy about teaching 【解析】：结合本段下文信息“…changed his major from medicine to education”可以推知该短语意义为 “倾心教学，迷恋教学”。答案选A。 【例2】（2007，上海，D篇） The traditional tent cities at festivals such as Glastonbury may never be the same again. In a victory of green business that is certain to appeal to environmentally-aware music-lovers, a design student is to receive financial support to produce eco-friendly tents made of cardboard that can be recycled after the bands and the crowds have gone home.… 76. “Eco-friendly tents” in paragraph 1 refer to tents _______. A. economically desirable B. favorable to the environment C. for holding music performances D. designed for disaster relief 【解析】：根据本段最后一句made of cardboard that can be recycled after the bands and the crowds have gone home可知eco-friendly tents是对环境有利的。另外，根据eco-friendly的结构也可猜出出其含义是“环境有好的”，上文environmentally-aware（有环境意识的）也有提示作用。答案选B。 ※规律小结： 做题的关键在于：该单词或词组本身并不重要，重要的是该单词或词组的上下文。如果该单词或词组是认识的，并不超出大纲，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案，其正确答案应是根据上下文推测出的一个更加深刻的含义。 ※高考警示： 不管这个词多么的超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；不管这个词多么的熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合中的意义。 三 推理判断题—考分析辨别能力
※考点提示： 推理判断题主要考查考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。此类题属于主观性较强的、高层次阅读理解试题。 ※ 解题方略： 1、解此类题时，要根据题干中的关键词或选项中的线索找到原文的相关句，读懂后，比照选项，对相关句进行同义改写或综合概括的选项为正确答案。做题时要注意题干的语言形式，其提问方式大体有两类: 第一类: 以infer (推断), imply(暗示),suggest,和 conclude(得出结论)的提问方式。 第二类: 在提问的方式中含有表示推测的情态动词和其它表可能性的词: can, could, would, might, probably, most likely, ...。 如According to the passage,_____; It can be inferred from the passage that____；It can be concluded from the pa
