试题预览
1、near, nearly near用作副词时,有nearly(几乎,差不多)的意思,等于almost, 这时候可以通用。不过,往往在表示这一层意思时,人们习惯用nearly,而很少用near,尤其是用来修饰数词时。例如:It is nearly ten o'clock. 差不多十点钟了。Dinner is nearly ready. 晚饭就要好了。I was near (or: nearly) being killed; it was a very near thing. 我几乎丧命,真悬。There are nearly enough people here to do the job. 干这项活,这里人手差不多够了。 near在作形容词时,主要用来表示场所、时间,有“在附近”和“逼近”的意思。例如:Don't go far away; stay somewhere near. 别走远,就在附近呆着。The Spring Festival is drawing near. 春节即将来临。 注意:副词nearly要尽可能靠近它所修饰的那个词或词组,否则,有可能会影响全句的意思。试比较:Our production brigade nearly lost fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在发洪水时几乎损失了五十头牛。(事实上没有损失)Our production brigade lost nearly fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在洪水中损失了差不多五十头牛。(事实上损失了将近五十头) 2、necessary, necessity necessary作名词用时,尽管与necessity同义,均可表示“必需品”,“必要的东西”的意思,但用法有别。necessary尽管是可数名词,但通常用作复数形式necessaries; necessity可用作可数名词,既可用作单数,也可用作复数,但常见作复数。试比较:These are our necessaries of life. 这些是我们的生活必需品。The shop is selling daily necessaries. 那个商店正在出售日用品。Air is a necessity. 空气是必需品。Good maps are a necessity to travellers. 好的地图是旅行者必不可少的东西。Food, water and clothes are the basic necessities of life. 食物,水和衣服是基本的必需品。 necessity主要用作不可数名词,表示抽象的概念,有“必要性,必然性”的意思,necessary作名词则没有这些含义。例如:There is no necessity for me to do this. 我没有做这件事的必要。He feels the necessity to have an outing. 他觉得有必要出外游玩一次。 3、near to, next to near to的意思是 “接近,靠近”,指时间、空间及距离上的接近。next to的意思是“紧靠着”,指位置上的相互紧靠。例如:It's getting near to our Spring Festival. 春节快要到了。The chemical works is built too near to us. 这个化工厂造得离我们太近了。As we got near to the town it began to snow. 当我们快到镇上时,天开始下雪了。The girl came and sat next to me. 这个女孩走过来并坐在我边上。The two cinemas are next to each other. 这两个电影院靠得很近。I don't like wool next to my skin. 我不喜欢直接穿羊毛衫。
next to另可表示“几乎”及“仅次于”,它常用于next to nothing结构,表示“几乎没有”,相当于almost nothing。例如:I knew next to nothing about the matter. 对这件事我几乎一无所知。Next to dancing, I like playing the guitar. 除了跳舞,我最喜欢弹吉它。New York is the largest city next to London. 纽约是仅次于伦敦的最大城市。 4、no more...than, not more...than no more...than等于not...any more than,意为“同...一样不”,意味着两者都否定。no more后可接名词,形容词,副词或动词;than是从属连词,常引出省略的比较状语从句。两个分句的重点往往在前一个分句,翻译时要把分句的次序颠倒,才能表达出重点来。例如:A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears. 愚人之不能自知其蠢,如同其不能自见其耳。I am no more fond of playing the guitar than he is. 我和他都不喜欢弹吉他。 no more than连用,等于not any more than, 其后多接数词,表示“只不过是,仅仅”的意思,相当于only。例如:There are no more than ten tickets left. 仅剩下十张票。 not more... than等于less...than或not so...as,表示“不及,不如;不比...更”的意思,意味着两者都肯定,但着重点往往在从句,翻译时按原来顺序译出即可。例如:It goes without saying that this subject is not more important than that one. 毋庸质疑,这个问题不比那个问题更重要。 not more than连用,其后也一般接数词,表示“不超过……,至多(=at most)的意思。例如:I read not more than twenty pages every day. 我每天最多读二十页书。The reservoir was built by a productive brigade of not more than 200 households. 这个水库是由一个不到二百户人家的生产大队建造的。 5、no one else, no other one 这两个词组都表示“没有别人或别的东西”的意思,两者可以换用。其中的one均为代名词,指代人或物;else和other均为形容词,不同的是前者作后置形容词,后者作前置形容词。例如:There is no one else (or: no other one) to compare with him in this respect. 在这方面无人能比得上他。No other one(or: no one else) knows about it. 再没有别的人知道这件事。 值得注意的是,else作形容词时,通常用来修饰疑问代词,复合不定代词(如:somebody, anything, anyone等)或者含有数量意义的代名词(如: much, little, all等)。else也可作副词,用来修饰疑问副词或者以where 结尾的复合疑问副词(如:anywhere, nowhere等)。例如:What else did she say? 她还说了什么?It must have been somewhere else. 肯定是在其他什么地方。You should put your honor above all else. 你应当把荣誉放在其他一切之上。Not much else is known. 其他都不清楚。 other作形容词时,只用来修饰名词或者代名词one/ ones, 其位置只能位于所修饰的(代)名词之前。例如:I am studying Maxism-Leninism, mathematics and other subjects. 我正学习马克思列宁主义,数学和其他课程。注意:else和other均可用来修饰带any, some, a few等的名词。例如:I don't want any books else.(= I don't want any other books.) 我再不需要其他书了。 6、no use, of no use 这两个词组都用在连系动词be的后面作表语,表示“没有用”的意义,两者在意义上没有什么差别,可以通用,只是它们的语法结构不一样。no use作表语是因为use前面有形容词no的缘故。如果没有形容词no, use则不能单独作表语。不能说This book is use.只能说:This book is of use或者:This book is useful.再例如:This book is (of) no use. 这本书没有用。Complaining is (of) no use. 抱怨是没有用的。 of no use属于“of+抽象名词”结构,这种结构相当于相应的同根形容词。它有肯定形式和否定形式,否定形式一般也是在抽象名词前加形容词no(如of no use)。例如:This reference material is of no use to us. (= This reference material isn't useful to us.) 这种参考资料对我们是没有用的。This medicine is of no use to your cold. 这种药对你的感冒没有用。 注意:以下五句的意思相同,但用法都不一样,请注意它们的区别: Reading without remembering is no use. Reading without remembering is of no use. It is no use reading without remembering. It is of no use reading without remembering. There is no use in / of reading without remembering.读而不记是没有用的。 7、none, no one none主要用作代词。作代词时,可以指人,是“没有什么人”的意思;也可以指物,是“没有什么东西”的意思。none往往受of引起的介词短语的限制,of后可接复数可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词多用复数形式;of后接不可数名词时,其谓语动词只能是单数形式。none of之后的可数名词或代词必须指三个以上的人或者事物。例如:None of the passengers were aware of the danger. 这些旅客中没有人意识到危险性。None of us are interested in the story. 我们都对这个故事不感兴趣。None of the money was ever recorded. 一点钱都没有得到。 no one中的no是形容词,one是代词,常用于口语中,一般用来指人,其含义是“not even one(连一个人也不/没有)”因此它比none的意思要强。no one作主语时,谓语动词只能用单数形式。例如:No one was killed in that battle. 在那次战斗中没有人牺牲。Apart from him, I had no one to talk to. 除了他以外,我没有人可以交谈。 8、now that, only that 这是两个由“连词+that组成的复合连词,其连词是中心词,that是一个虚词,常可省去。now that本是“副词+that而构成的复合连词,但由于that可省略,于是now就被认为是连词了。now that引导的是原因状语从句,但它主要是说明一种新的情况,从句与主句的因果关系很小,含有“推论”的意味,因此有的语法学者把它称为“推论条件连词”。此短语一般译为“既然,由于”,相当于since。例如:Now that Jane had gone and left, or as good as left him, it would have been a comfort to see his son. 简既然走了,离开了,或者说几乎是遗弃了他,那么他就可以和儿子见面了,这是多么快慰的事。Now that the weather has improved, we'll be able to enjoy the game. 由于现在天气已经好转,我们将能观赏这场比赛了。 only that主要引导条件状语从句,与except that的意义相同,表示“要不是,除...之外”的意思,从句通常位于主句之后;它有时还可引导目的状语从句,作“只是为了”解。例如:He would probably do well in the examination, only that he gets rather nervous. 要不是他有一点紧张,他可能考得很好。I have nothing against him, only that I dislike his manner. 我除了不喜欢他的态度外,并没有反对他。He often praises others only that&nb