二、高考考查内容揭密 (一)抽象名词的具体化与冠词 1.抽象名词具体或特定时,前面应有不定冠词。 (1)表示某种特性、状态、行为的具体表现,常用a/an+抽象名词;a/an+adj.+抽象名词的形式表示具体行为、一个方面。如: A pity/pleasure/surprise/success/failure/shame/an honor等; A bright future, a strong character, a great help, a length of one metre ,a waste of time, a height of fifty feet ,a knowledge of English等。 (2)状态、思维行为的一次、一种、一类、一顿,常与have/take/get等词搭配。 如:take a look/have a sleep/have a …life/die a death/get a high opinion/make an apology/take a great interest等。 [经典考题]It is often said that ______teachers have _______very easy life. (2005•北京卷) A. 不填;不填 B. 不填;a C. the; 不填 D. the ;a [解析] B 根据句意:(人们)常说老师过着简朴的生活。抽象名词life在此处明显被具体化了,因此,第二空与前后构成have a very easy life过着简朴的生活。第一空为名词的复数表示的类指。 (3)表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人和事等。 She is a success in cause but a failure in marriage. 她在事业上是个成功者,但在婚姻上却是个失败者。 2.抽象名词有前置或后置修饰语时,前面用不定冠词,使之具体化。如: A happy life, a good education in that university, a wide knowledge of nature 等。 [注意]:抽象名词表示泛指时一般不与冠词连用。如:what fun, fine weather, common knowledge, foreign trade。但如受of 短语修饰或在上下文中给予限定特指时,则在名词前加the [经典考题] If you grow up in _____large family ,you are more likely to develop_____ ability to get on well with______ others.(2005•江西卷) A./;an ; the B. a ;the ;/ C. the ;an ;the D. a ;the ;the
[解析] B 抽象名词ability被后置定语to get on well with _______others 修饰,故抽象名词ability须具体化表特指即在其前加the 。而下文的others 强调泛指。第一空其实也是泛指“一个大家庭”。 (二)冠词有无意义不同 有无冠词含义有别,这种现象常常是一些固定搭配,学习时可通过对比记忆。如:out of question 毫无疑问的/out of the question 不可能的;take place 发生/take the place(of) 代替;two of them 他们中的两个/the two of them 他们两个;by day 在白天/by the day 按天计算;on earth 究竟/on the earth 在地球上等。 [经典考题]When he left_______ college, he got a job as _______reporter in a newspaper office.(2004•天津卷) A .不填;a B.不填; the C. a; the D. the ;the [解析] A 本题考查定冠词的有无含义不同以及不定冠词的用法区别。第一空有无定冠词含义不同,即leave the school/college离开这所学校/院校;leave school/college 毕业、退学、离校。后一空填不定冠词,表示类别或身份,不是特指。 [经典考题] This book tells_______ life story of John Smith, who left_______ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.(2005•辽宁卷) A. the ;the B. a ;the C. the ;不填 D. a ;不填 [解析]C 考查定冠词的有无含义不同与特指的用法。第一空为特指,强调John Smith的生活故事。第二空仍考查leave the school与leave school的区别。前者强调离开后可能会再来,后者强调不再回来:与学校说再见。故根据句意leave school符合此题语境。 [经典考题] Her husband was put into________ prison, and she has to go to _______prison once a month to visit him. A. a ;the B. the ;the C.不填;不填 D.不填;the [解析]D 此题考查冠词的有无意义不同的词组,即put sb .into prison坐牢,go to the prison去监狱。 (三)名词的数和所有格 名词的数主要包括名词的可数不敢当可数、可数名词的单复数问题、名词的类指以及名词复数的使用。 1.可数名词的单复数 (1)可数名词复数形式的基本变化: (2)不可数名词一般没有复数形式,若计量时,通常使用“数词或a/an/many+单位词+of +不可数名词”。如:There are two pieces of work for you to do: to buy a bowl of rice and to make three cups of tea.有两项工作给你做:去买一碗米饭,去沏三杯茶。 [经典考题]The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but is has ______all over the country.(2005•辽宁卷) A. companies B. branches C. organizations D. businesses [解析]B 本题是一个多点考查题。既考查了名词复数形式的不同变化,又考查了名词的辨析。以辅音字母加Y结尾的名词的复数:变Y为i再加es;以-ch, -sh,-s,-x等结尾的名词的复数:在其后加-es,少数直接加-s。再根据名意可知:这家银行的总部在北京,但它在世界各地都有很多分部。四个名词中branches有“分部、分店、支流”的意思,合句意。 [经典考题]He gained his_______ by printing ______of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works [解析]D 考查名词的单复数。wealth表示财富,是不可数名词;works作工厂、作品讲时,单、复数相同。而work意为“工作”,是不可数名词。 [经典考题]The commander said that two______ would be sent to Iraq front the next day. A. women’s doctor B. women doctors C. women’s doctors D. women doctor [解析] B man/woman作定语修饰可数名词复数时,将它们变为men/women。 2.名词所有格 名词所有格通常可分为三种: (1).-’s型所有格,主要用于生物名词,也可用于表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命名词的所有格,如:today’s newspaper;如果已是复数形式结尾的名词,则在其后加“’”。 (2).of 短语型所有格,主要用于无生命名词的所属关系,有时表示逻辑上的主谓、动宾、或同位关系。 (3).of短语型与-’s型并用的双重所有格,即被修饰的名词前如有一个表示数量的词,如:a ,two, some, any, several, few, no, many, this, that, these, those等(常不能用the )修饰时,可用“of+所有格(或名词性物主代词)”,如:This is a picture of his grandfather.这是他爷爷的一张照片。只表示他爷爷的一张照片,并非双重所有格而属of短语型所有格。再如:This is a picture of his grandfather’s(pictures).这是他爷爷照片中的一张。强调他爷爷照片中的其中一张,属双重所有格。 [经典考题]_______car broke down on the way home, but luckily they knew how to fix it . A. Tom’s and Jim’s B. Tom’s and Jim C. Tom and Jim’s D. Tom and Jim [解析]C 考查所有格。由下文的they knew how to fix it 可知:两人都在车上,因此,为他们共有。而Tom’s and Jim’s即Tom’s car and Jim’s car则表明两人分别拥有的两辆车。故选Tom and Jin’s。 [经典考题] My grandfather used to be a general in the famous army. Look! Here are______. A. some pictures of his B. some pictures’ of him C. some his pictures D. his some of pictures’ [解析]A 考查双重所有格。根据双重所有格“of+所有格(或名词性物主代词)”原则可知此空应该是some pictures of his(pictures),此句句意为:这是他照片中的一些(照片)。 [经典考题] The railway station is _______from our school. A. two hour’s drive B. two hours’ drive C. two hour drive D. two hours drive [解析] B 考查复数形式的所有格。复数形式的所有格只在S后加“’”。 (四)名词作定语 [经典考题]The ______is just around the corner and you won’t miss it. (2001•上海卷) A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycle’ shop [解析] B 考查名词作定语。在此bicycle是起修饰作用的名词,不表示所有关系而表示类别,且名词作定语须用单数形式,故bicycle shop正确。 [经�