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定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分关系代词和关系副词两类，它们要在定语从句中充当一定的句子成份。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as；关系副词有when, where, why。 【关键点】 在定语从句中永远都缺少一个成分，不存在不缺少成分的情况。弄清楚关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分，是掌握定语从句的关键。判断到底是用关系代词还是用关系副词来引导定语从句，就要看从句中是否缺少主语、宾语、定语或表语；若是，则选择关系代词；若不是，说明从句中缺少状语，则应选择关系副词。试对比以下两道高考试题： （1）We are trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. （06山东） A. which B. that C. where D. when （2）——Do you have anything to say for yourselves? ——Yes，there's one point we must insist on． （06江西） A．why B．where C．how D．/ 析:keys: C D.第1题，从句中不缺少主语或宾语，where 在定语从句中作状语。句意：我们现在就是要设法达到双方坐下来和谈的程度。第2题，定语从句中缺少宾语时，关系代词可省略。 【疑难点】 一） 介词+which / whom 1. 介词的选择取决于三种情况：定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配；先行词的需要；先行词和从句的语境相结合。 2. 在非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“名词/数词/代词 + of + which / whom ”的结构。高考考例： 二）as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别 as和which所代表的都是整个句子所表示的内容。有两点不同之处： 1）在形式上as引导的非限制定语从句可位于主句后面，主句之前，也可插入主句中间；而which引导的非限制定语从句只能位于主句之后。
2）在意义上，as定语从句和主句的关系是一致关系，常译为“正如......”，“就象.....”；而which定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which从句是对主句的评论，相当于“and this” or “ and that”，常译为“这，这一点”。 三）定语从句与并列句 如果两个分句中间用逗号隔开，要求在第二个分句填入一个代词的话，首先要弄清句子结构。第二分句前如有and，but，or，so等词，它就是并列分句，要用人称代词或指示代词。第二分句前如无and，but，or，so等词，它就是一个非限制性定语从句，应选用关系代词。 四）定语从句与其他从句的区别 1. that可以引导定语从句, 名词性从句, 状语从句.that在从句中作成分是定语从句；若在从句中不作成分时，则为其它从句。 2. When, where, why 既可引导定语从句, 又可引导名词性从句或状语从句。 在定语从句中，when, where，why前面有分别表示时间、地点或原因的先行词以之对应，与先行词在语义上是有关联的；而在其它从句中无此对应关系，但有时可以转化为定语从句：when→the time when…；where→the place where或in/at/to the place where…；why→the reason why…。以where为例加以说明： Go and get your coat. It’s in the place where you left it.(定语从句，句中有先行词the place) Go and get your coat. It’s where you left it. （表语从句，where= in the place where） I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句，where= the place where） Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句，where= the place where） They arose the question where we were to get the machines needed. (同位语从句，where与question没有意义上的联系) You'd better not leave the medicine where kids can get at it. (地点状语从句，where与the medicine没有意义上的联系， where=at the place where.) （08 山东） 五）几个特殊表达形式： 1．way 后面的定语从句（用that/ in which 或省略）。 2．activity、point、situation、job、business、scenes、case等表示抽象意义的地点名词，后常用where或in which引导定语从句；occasion后则常用when或on which引导定语从句。 六）定语从句中的“隔离”现象 1. 有时为了行文的需要，定语从句和它所修饰的先行词被谓语，状语，第一后置定语等成分所分隔。解此类试题，找准先行词是关键。 2. 为了增加语言的灵活性和丰富性，在定语从句中经常使用插入语，尤其是在关系词和其引导的从句之间。解题时，忽略掉插入语，题就变得简单了。 【巩固练习】 1.By nine o'clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ____appeared a rare rainbow soon. A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which 2.For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, __New York is an example. A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which 3.We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, ____we gave some bells and glasses. A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which 4.Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled on purpose. A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which 5.Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _______ wanted to buy it. A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom 6.The man pulled out a gold watch, _______ were made of small diamonds. A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of C. which the hands of D. the hands of which 7.The road conditions there turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. it B. what C. which D. that 8.The Beatles, many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. A. what B. that C. how D. as 9. _____is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B. When C. What D. As 10.I don’t mind her criticizing me, but is how she does it that I object to. A. it B. that C. this &nb
