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第5讲 动词时态和语态（要点透析） 动词时态 一、一般现在时(动词用原形或单数第三人称后加－s/－es) 1．表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制) The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 2．表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用行为动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。 We always care for each other and help each other. 3．表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等。 Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School. 4．少数用于表示起止的动词如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时。表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，只用一般现在时。 The shop closes at 11：00 p．m. every day. Tomorrow is Wednesday. 【疑难点击】 1．在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。 If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. 2．在the more…the more… 句型中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 The harder you study, the better results you will get. 【疑难点击】 3．在make sure, see to it, mind, care, matter后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 See to it that you are not late again. 4．在倒装句中，用一般现在时表示动作正在进行。 Here comes the bus.＝The bus is coming. 二、一般过去时(－ed或不规则变化) 1．一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去时。 I met her in the street yesterday. I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn't. 2．如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去式。 He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 3．表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute. The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her. 三、一般将来时
1．表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall ＋ 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语连用如： tomorrow，next week等)。 2．表示一种趋向或习惯动作。 We'll die without air or water. 3．表示趋向行为的动词，如： come，go，start，begin，leave等词，常用进行时的形式表示将来时。 【疑难点击】 be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do的用法及区别： 1．shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时做出的决定。 — You've left the light on. — Oh, so I have. I'll go and turn it off. 2．在祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句句型中，陈述句中只能用will/情态动词＋动词原形。 Work hard, and you will pass the exam. 【疑难点击】 3．be going to表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。 If it is fine, we'll go fishing.(√) If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(×) 【疑难点击】 4．be to do sth. 表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。 A meeting is to be held at 3：00 this afternoon. 5．be about to do sth. 表示“即将，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。 Autumn harvest is about to start. 四、现在进行时(am/is/are＋v.－ing) 表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go，come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。 It is raining now. He is teaching English and learning Chinese. The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always, often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩) 【疑难点击】 下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时： a．表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。 b．表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。 c．表示瞬时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。 d．表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。 五、过去完成时(had＋ v．－ed) 常用过去完成时的几种情况： 1．在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。 By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. 2．表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态，即“从过去到过去”。 When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour. 3．表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/ thought / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示，即：hoped / planned…＋ to have done。 I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so. 【疑难点击】 1．表示“一……就……”的几个句型： Hardly/scarcely…when (before)… no sooner…than… We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. ＝ No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. 2．在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。 After he (had)left the room, the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed. 【疑难点击】 3．It/That/This was the first(second，third…)time that…(从句中用过去完成时态) It was the second time that he had been out with her. 4．…than sb. had thought / expected / hoped / wanted… We arrived earlier than we expected. 六、过去将来时(would do, was / were going to do) 过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情。 I said I would arrange everything. 【疑难点击】 1．come, go, leave等用过去进行时表过去将来时。 He was leaving for Beijing. 2．was / were to do sth. 和was / were about to do sth. 表过去将来， was/were to do sth.常与when搭配。 I was about to leave when the telephone rang. 七、过去进行时(was/were ＋v.－ing) 1．过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生的动作。 During the summer of 2010 she was traveling in Europe. 2．表示某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。 I met Diana while I was shopping this morning. 3．过去进行时可以表示委婉语气。 I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 八、现在完成时(has/have＋v.－ed) 1．表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作，强调结果的影响。 I have seen the film already. (强调表达现在知道电影内容) 2．表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与since＋时间点，for＋时间段及介词短语，如during / in / over the last (past) few years (months, weeks), in recent years等连用。 We've planted thousands of trees in the past few years. They've lived here since 2008. 【疑难点击】 1．现在完成时与一般过去时的区别： 虽然动作都发生在过去，但现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响，而一般过去时的动作与现在没任何联系。 I have closed the door.(强调现在门还是关着的) I closed the door.(强调关门的动作曾发生在过去) 【疑难点击】 2．下列句型中常用现在完成时： a. It is (has been) ＋ 一段时间 ＋ since从句 b. This (That / It) is the first(second…)time that ＋ 完成时 c. This (That / It) is the only…＋ that ＋ 完成时 d. This (That / It)is the best / finest / most interesting…＋ that＋完成时 3．在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。 Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 【疑难点击】 4．非延续性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow, meet等的完成时态，在肯定句中不能与for 或since 等引导的时间段连用，要转化为相应意义的延续性动词才能与一段时间连用。其否定式可与这类时间状语连用。 I haven't met him for two years. 试比较： I have bought the computer for a year.(√ ) I have kept the computer for a year.(×) 被动语态 一、被动语态的构成 英语动词的被动语态由助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be必须与主语的人称和数保持一致，并有时态的变化。 The man was fooled by the two boys. His wallet got stolen on the bus to the office. 二、被动语态的用法 1．动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。 Street lights are often turned on at six in winter. The new test book will be used next term. 2．当动作的承受者比起动作的执行者来说更能引起人们的关心而需要加
