非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(－ing)、现在分词(－ing)与过去分词(－ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。所以，要正确使用非谓语形式，一定要充分理解不同形式所表现的意义，要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动(或状态)”，所表示的动作是“过去”、“现在”还是“将来”，以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。 形式 对比项目 动词不定式 (to do) 动名词(doing) 现在分词(doing) 过去分词(done) 意义 相当于名词、形容词、副词，往往有将来意味 相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动作 相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味 相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动、完成意义 充当句子成分 主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语 主语、宾语、表语、定语 表语、宾补、定语、状语 表语、宾补、定语、状语 形式 主动一般式 to do doing doing done 被动式 to be done being done being done 无 主动完成式 to have done having done having done 无 被动完成式 to have been done having been done having been done 无 否定式 在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not
一、不定式和动名词作主语 1. 动名词作主语常用以下句型：It is＋no use/good＋doing sth. 而不定式作主语常用it作形式主语。 It was no use sending him to a hospital. It's very hard to learn an art. 2. 当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格，不可以用人称代词主格和宾格，也不可以用名词的普通格。 His coming here will be a great help. (不可用He和Him) Jack's suddenly disappearing made them worried. (不可用Jack) 3．for/of sb. to do sth.中for或of无意义。如果介词后的名词或代词与其前面的形容词存在逻辑上的主系表关系，则该介词用of，反之，则须用for。 在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel，selfish, wicked, wrong等后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。 I found it impossible for him to do the job alone. It was wise of him to do that. 二、不定式和动名词作宾语 1. 动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，带逻辑主语的既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。 Do you mind my/me reading your paper? She doesn't like Mary /Mary's talking that way. 2. 常见的带不定式作宾语的动词如下：(利用口诀进行记忆。事实上，口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式几乎都有将来意味。)
想要干 want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim, would like/love, desire, swear 早打算 plan, prepare, mean, arrange 同意否 agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford 问问看 ask, beg, (ask to do 要求做……) 决定了 decide, determine, make up one's mind, be determined 尽力干 try, manage(反义词fail), struggle, strive 努力做 care 别装蒜 pretend 3. 介词以及少数动词(“动词不定式口诀”以外的动词)和词组后只能用动名词作宾语： admit，dislike，appreciate，avoid，enjoy，bear(忍受)，envy，can‘t help(不禁)，delay，escape, can’t stand(受不了)，deny，excuse(借口)，consider(考虑)，fancy，mind，miss(错过)，mention, finish，pardon，resist，forgive，imagine，risk，practise，suggest(建议)，keep，quit，put off, give up, feel like, be worth, set about, burst out, be/get/become used to(习惯于), look forward to, pay attention to, devote…to, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(能胜任), turn to(求助于)等。 I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. He used to be late for work, but now he has been used to getting up early. 4. 动词advise/allow/permit/forbid后可跟doing，也可跟sb. to do。 You would be well advised to stay indoors. The teacher advised taking a different approach. 5. need, require, want作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动式作宾语，表示某事需要被做。be worth后须用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。 The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing/to be removed immediately. 6. 有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别，如forget, stop, remember, regret, try, mean, go on, propose等。 try to do努力、企图做…… try doing试验、试一试某种办法 mean to do打算，有意要…… mean doing意味着 go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情) go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情) propose to do 打算(要做某事) propose doing建议(做某事) like /love/hate/ prefer ＋to do 表示具体行为；＋doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念，如果这几个动词前有should/would，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。 Don't you remember seeing the man before? You must remember to leave tomorrow. I should like to see him tomorrow. 7. 固定句型 1)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)＋doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性) There is no use crying over spilt milk. 2)have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun ＋ (in) doing He had a good time in travelling abroad this summer vacation. 3)spend/waste/lose time (in) doing sth. They can't lose time playing computer games as usual. 4)There is no ＋ doing…“不可能” There is no telling what he is going to do. 5)prevent/stop/keep sb./sth. from doing…阻止……做…… Nothing can stop him from realizing his dream. 【疑难点击】 1. do/did/does＋nothing/anything/everything＋but(except)＋动词原形，如果谓语动词不是do/did/does，所跟的不定式须带to。 Last night I did nothing but watch TV. The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. 2. can not (help/choose) but do，can do nothing but do，have no choice/alternative to do表示“不得不”。 When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. 3. 作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等的宾语时，通常用there to be结构，在mind, object to等后面用there being。作状语多用there being结构。 We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind. I don't mind there being a chair here. There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself. 4. 为避免重复，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时，要保留这些词。 John didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to. — Hasn't he finished writing the report? — No, but he ought to have. — Aren't you the headmaster? — No, and I don't want to be. 三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语 1．不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 What I would suggest is to start work at once. His hobby is collecting stamps. 2. 表心理状态的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容词化分词作表语时，表示“令人……的”；interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示“感到……”，也可用修饰体现内心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名词作主语。 Travelling is interesting but tiring. The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 3. 除be done外， get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系动词都可跟done。如remain seated/hidden, get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。 What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour. 四、不定式、动名词和分词作定语 1. 不定式作定语时通常后置，即作后置定语，表示将要发生的动作。 We'd better find some work for the children to do. He is the first one to help me with computer.(名词前有序数词或最高级时用不定式作定语) She bought a bookshelf to put her books on.(不及物动词构成的不定式作定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。) Your ability to analyze the problem really surprised&nb
