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秦建华 动词时态考点解读 一、对一般现在时的考查 1.考查其基本概念:一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词 always, every time,now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。但近几年,对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰。 Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which _____ the Pacific, and we met no storm.(2005年辽宁卷) A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called 解析:虽然航海发生在过去,但是海洋的名称不会因此而变化,所以要用一般现在时 2.考查一般现在时的替代用法:在以when, till/ until, as soon as, by the time, after, before 等引导的时间状语从句,在以if,unless, once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter, however, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中,如果主句中的动词用一般将来时,从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 — What would you do if it _____ tomorrow? — We have to carry it on ,since we’ve got everything ready. (2005年全国卷) A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining 解析:if引导条件状语从句,在条件状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来 二、对一般过去时的考查 一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态,它常与表过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中,这是高考的命题方向。 More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year. (2005年上海卷) A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent 解析:last year表示过去,再者主语是复数形式 三、对现在进行时的考查 由上下文语境表示时间。 — What’s the terrible noise? — The neighbours ____ for a party. (2004年北京卷) A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare
解析:上下文语境告诉我们是讲现在正在发生的事。 四、对过去进行时的考查 1.把过去进行时放在when, while, as 等引导的时间状语从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去,动作时间长的用过去进行时,表达谈话背景;动作时间短的用一般过去时,表达新的信息。 —You were out when I dropped in at your house. —Oh, I ____ for a friend from England at the airport. (2004年福建卷) A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. have waited 解析:该题是根据交际情景考查动词时态的用法。该题是强调在过去某一时间(你来我家时)正在进行的动作(在机场等人),用过去进行时。句意:“我顺路去你家时,你不在家。”“啊,(那个时候)我在机场等从英国来的朋友。” 2.把过去进行时放在某特定的语境中考查。 —Has Sam finished his homework today? —I have no idea. He ____ it this morning. (2004年全国卷) A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done 解析:该题根据交际情景考查动词时态的用法。第一句问今天做完作业没有,问结果;他今天早晨(过去某段时间内)还在做(正在进行的动作)应当用过去进行时态。句意:“萨姆今天做完作业了吗?”“我不知道。他今天早晨还在做呢。” 3.考查过去进行时与一般过去时的比较。 Shirely____a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.(98) A.has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing 解析:根据I don’t know whether she has finished it可判断去年她不可能写完这本书,因而去年应该一直在写。该题测试过去时间状语与过去进行时态在英语句式中的特殊用法。题中过去时间状语last year导致了考生的定势思维,不少考生因此而误选了选项B(一般过去时)。分析上下文语境可知,选项部分的谓语动词的动作并非在过去某一时间已经完成,而是指在过去某一时间正在进行,故应选过去进行时。注意:在这一句式结构中,只有延续性动词才可与过去时间状语用于过去进行时,强调在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。 五、对现在完成时的考查 1.现在完成时不仅表示动作在说话之前已经完成,而且强调动作对现在的影响或表示经验。 ①He was hoping to go abroad but his parents ____ that they won’t support him unless he canborrow money from the bank.(2005年湖北卷) A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide 解析:have decided现在完成时表示父母已经决定了。 ②Millions of pounds’ worth of damage ___by a storm which swept across the north of England last night. (2005年重庆卷) A. has been caused B. had been caused C. will be caused D. will have been caused 解析:“storm”后的定语从句有明确的时间状语“last night”,故主语时态应确定为完成时,但D项为将来完成时,显然与语境不符。B项为过去完成时,但本句强调昨晚发生的风暴对现在的影响。 2.现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并可能继续下去,常与for或since 等短语 连用。 —The window is dirty. — I know. It ________ for weeks. (2004年全国卷) A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned 解析:该题是根据交际情景中考查动词时态与语态。关键词for weeks,考虑现在完成时,表示到目前为止的结果,好几周不擦了;窗户与擦的关系是被动关系,故被动语态。句意;“窗户很脏了。”“我知道。好几周没有擦了。” 注:由终止性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, begin, start, put, stop, start, put, stop, die, fall, buy,borrow, see等构成的完成时不能与for或since引导的时间状语连用。但这些终止性动词的否定式可以与for或since短语连用。如:I haven’t met him for two years. 3.考查现在完成时与一般过去式的区别:一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、 方式等,与现在不发生联系,且句中一般有表示过去的时间状语;而现在完成时只说明现在的情况,对现在有影响。 —Where _________ the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere.(98NMET) — I ____ it right here. But now it’s gone. A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put C. had you put; was putting D. were you putting; put 解析:第一个空“放”这个动作强调对现在的影响,“我找不到”第二个空“放”指过去的一个动作 六、对现在完成进行时的考查 现在完成进行时是由“have / has been+现在分词”构成,表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作,一直延续到现在,并且还可能继续下去。它与现在完成时的区别如下: 1.现在完成时强调的是完成的动作,而现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作,这个动作刚停止或 仍在继续。 I have written an article.(已完成) I have been writing an article. (还在写) 2.有些延续性动词,如live, teach, work, study, learn, stay等因现在完成时与现在完成进行时差别不大。 I have lived here for ten years. = I have been living here for ten years.另外注意的是: 表短暂动作的动词(finish,marry, get up, come, go等)一般不能用现在完成进行时。 Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ____going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.(2004年北京卷) A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider 解析:该题是在交际情境中考查动词时态的用法。根据句意应选完成进行时,表 示过去的动作(考虑返校学习)持续到现在(还没有决定)今后还有可能进行的 动作。句意:既然露西失业了,她一直在考虑返校读书,但她还没有定下来。 七、对过去完成时态的考查 过去完成时,经常以“过去”为背景,要想表达比这一背景更早的动作,常用此时态。 — George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding? —No, I ___. Did they have a big wedding? (2004年湖北卷) A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadn’t been invited D. didn’t invite 解析:没有被邀请发生在George and Lucy举行婚礼之前,即过去的过去。 常见考点有: ①把过去完成时放在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的复合句中考查。 When the old man ___ to walk back to his house, the sun ___ itself behind the mountain.(2005年湖北卷) A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid 解析:考查动词�