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状语从句 种 类 从属连词 例 句 说 明 时 间 状 从 when When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.当我进屋时，他正在写信。 We shall go there whenever we are free.我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。 when指的是“某一具体的时间” whenever指的是“在任何时间” I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.我正在街上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。 I was about to go swimming when our guide stopped me. 我正要去游泳这时向导把我拦住了。 when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,表示某件事正在发生或刚刚发生时，另一动作同时发生。这种用法的when分句一般位于句末。常用句型：be about to do… when…, be doing… when…, had done… when…, be on one’s way… when…, be on the point of doing… when… He usually walks when he might ride.虽然他有车可作，但他通常步行。 They had only three tables when they needed five.他们虽然需要五张桌子，可是只有三张。 How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none? 如果你不宽恕别人，你自己怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢？ 尽管，虽然，既然，鉴于，如果 while While it was raining, they went out.天下雨的时候，他们出去了。 I stayed while he was away.他不在的时候我在。 while指“在某一段时间里”，“在…期间”，while引导的动作必须是持续性的 I like watching TV while he likes reading. 我喜欢看电视，而他喜欢读书。 while 做并列连词，表示相对关系“然而” While I understand your point of view, I don’t share it.我虽然了解你的观点，但不敢苟同。 While 引导让步状语从句，相当于although，但一般位于主句之前。 While there is life, there is hope. 只要有生命，就有希望。 While引导条件状语从句，相当于as/so long as,翻译成“只要” as He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。 as引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生 As I get older, I get more optimistic. 两种正在发展或变化的情况，有“随着”的意思，表时间的推移。 He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他匆忙地回家，边走边往后看。 一边……一边…… As he was going out, it began to rain.当他出去的时候，就开始下雨了。 强调两个动作紧接着发生。 As a boy(When he was a boy), he was hopeless at maths.
当他还是孩子时，就已对数学失去了希望。 as+名词，相当于时间状语从句 before Be a pupil before you become a teacher.先做学生，再做先生。 A. We waited a long time before he came out. 我们等了很长时间他才出来。 B. We hadn’t waited long before he came out.我们没等多久他就出来了。 C．He died before he wrote a will.他还没来得及写遗嘱就死了。 The sun had set before we knew it.不知不觉的太阳已经落山了。 Leave me before I changed my mind.趁我还没有改变主意，快离开我。 I’d die before I apologized to them.我宁死也不向他们道歉。 Get out before I call the police.滚开，否则我叫警察了。 往往表示主句的动作先于从句的动作发生，“在……之前”， A.“ ……才”（强调主句所表达的时间、举例很长或花费的力气很大。） B.“……就”（强调主句所表达的时间、举例短或花费的力气很大。） C．“还没有……”“免得”“不知不觉”“宁可、宁愿”“否则，要不然” It will be five years before he returns to his homeland. 再过五年他才能回国。 It won’t be long before we meet again.过不了多久我们就会再见面的。 It+（not）be+some time+before从句。肯定句中，“多长时间之后才”；否定句中，“用不了多长时间就” after He arrived after the game started.比赛开始后，他到了。 until/till We waited till (until)he came back .我们一直等到他回来。 如主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定式，表示“直到…为止” She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .她到11点钟才停止工作。 Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there. 她站在那里看着，直到看不见他的身影。 如主句动词是瞬间动词，常用否定式，表示“直…才”“在…以前不”,从句放在句首表示强调，一般用until since Great changes have taken place in China since 1978. 自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。 As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.我一到上海就给你写信。 状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开，如从句在主句之后则不必用标点符号。 Mr. Li has been here since he came back.自从李先生回来以后，他一直在这儿。 I have written home but once since I came here.自我到这儿以来，只给家里写过一封信。 since后是非延续性动词的过去式，则时间的起点应从该动作发生时算起。 He has written to me frequently since he was ill.自从他病好以来，经常给我来信。 since后是延续性动词的过去式，则时间的起点应从该动作结束时算起。 It is (has been) a long time since I smoked.我戒烟已有两年了。 It has been two years since I began to smoke. 我吸烟已有两年了。 It + be+ some time+since 短语或从句，如果从句中谓语动词是非延续性动词，意为“做某事已有多长时间”；如果是延续性动词，意为“不做某事已有多长时间”。需要注意主句与从句时态的一致性。 一……就…… 我们刚到车站，火车就走了。 Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫停。I had hardly got home when it began to rain. 我刚一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had we got to the station than the train left. hardly…when和no sooner…than的意义相当于as soon as,但只表示过去发生的事情，主句为过去完成时，从句为过去时，如hardly或no sooner位于句首时语气强，而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装。 一……就…… Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.我每次乘船都晕船。 The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful. 我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。 Next time you come ,you’ll see him.下次你来的时候，就会见到他。 有些名词或副词可以起连词的作用。如：the minute, the moment, the day, the week, the year, the first time, any time, next time, every time, the last time, each time, all the time, by the time, immediately, instantly, directly, as soon as, once等。在时间状语从句中，不能用将来时或过去将来时，而要用现在时或过去时代替将来时。 On arriving at the station, the thief was arrested.一到车站，这个小偷就被逮捕了。 On his arrival in Paris, he was recognized as a noble and thrown into prison.他一到达巴黎，就呗认出是一个贵族，并被关进了监狱。 on doing sth.或on one’s +名词 地 点 状 从 where wherever Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。 Where there is water there is life.哪里有水，哪里就有生命。 You are free to go wherever you like.你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。 Wherever you go, you must obey the law.无论你去哪都要遵守法律。 where与wherever意义基本相同，但后者语气较强，多用于书面语。where表示特定的地点，wherever表示非特定的地点。 原 因 状 从 because I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.昨天我回来晚了，因为我值班。 because用来回答why 的问题，语气最强 not because…but because 不是因为……而是因为…… partly because… 部分是因为…… because because of since Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.既然大家都到了，我们开始开会。 since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首 for He must be ill, for he is absent today.他一定是病了，因为他今天没有来。 不是说明直接原因，而是对某种情况加以推断，用于表示补充说明理由。 as As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary. 由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅这个单词。 As 语气最弱，其原因只是对结果的附带说明。从句常放在句首，说明原因，主句说明结果，常用于口语中。 now that, seeing that, considering that，in that Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey. 鉴于天气已经晴朗，我们可以启程了。 Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor. 鉴于他病情严重，我们派人去请医生去了。 Now(that) everybody is here, let’s begin.既然每个人都在，那我们开始吧。 seeing (that), now that, considering that和since, as 意义相似，他们都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思，that可以省去in that中that不能省略。now that用来说明一种新情况，然后加以推论，位于句首时，that 可以省略。 目 的 状 从 that
so that
in order that=to the end that
lest = for fear that
I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget. 我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。 We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. 我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自
