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一、 语法: (一) 虚拟语气: 1、 虚拟条件句:在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下: 从 句 主 句 与现在事实相反 动词的过去式(be用were) would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形 与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词 与将来事实相反 动词过去式,should + 动词原形,were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形 注: 主句中的should只用于I、we,但在美国英语中,should常被would代替;从句中的should 可用于各种人称。如: If you had taken my advice then(=Had you taken my advice then),you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法: (1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that。 1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道); 2)表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用had十过去分词。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉); 3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为would/could十动词原形。此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。 (2)在suggest,demand,order,propose,insist,command,request,desire等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”,表示建议、要求、命令等。 如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。 (二)“it”的用法 1、作人称代词:指代同名同物的单数名词或不可数名词, 指代不确定的人物; 指代疑问句中的指示代词this/that;指代时间、距离、天气或环境。It is fine this evening. 2、“it”作引导词, 作形式主语或形式宾语,后带动词不定式短语、动名词短语或名词性从句。特别需要注意不定式短语中of/for的差异。 (1)作形式主语。如:It is difficult to understand the passage. It is no use trying. 4)It+take+(sb.) some time / some money+to do sth. 5)It+be+said / reported / told等+that-clause. 例如: It is said that he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 6)It+vt.+sb.+that-clause. 例如: It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. (2)作形式宾语。如: 1) S.+vt.(think/find/feel/make/consider)+it+adj. / n.+(for sb.) to do sth. Do you think it possible for them to send an engineer there? 2) S.+vt.+it+adj. / n.+doing sth. 例如: You must find it exciting working here. 3) S.+vt.+it+adj. / n.+that-clause. 例如: I think it a pity that you didn't try harder. 3、构成强调句。如:It’s+被强调部分+that(who/whom) +剩余部分. It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morning.今天早晨,就是在街上我看见李明。 (三) The –ing form::Tell the difference between doing and having done 动词-ing 作状语:V-ing 作状语时表示的动作是主语动作的一部分,与谓语表示的动作或状态时同时或几乎同时发生的,或是先于谓语动词发生,它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。V-ing 作状语常表示时间、
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