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1、make...from, make...of, make...into, make up
make...from为“用...原料制成”，介词的宾语是原材料，用from表示从制成品上看不出原来的制作材料。例如：They make wine from grapes. 他们用葡萄为原料制成葡萄酒。This cake is made from corn. 这个蛋糕是以玉米为原料制成的。
make...of为“用...材料制成”，介词的宾语是某种材料，用of表示从制成品上可以看出原来的材料。例如：Nearly everything inside the room is made of bamboo. 屋子里的东西几乎都是用竹子制成的。This big box is made of wood. 这个大盒子是由木头制成的。
make...into为“把...做成”，动词的宾语是某种原料和材料，介词into的宾语是制成品。例如：They make milk into butter and cheese. 他们把牛奶制成白脱和奶酪。Can you make this material into a skirt?你能把这布料制成一件衬衫吗？
比较make...into与make...from, make...of的区别：Flour is made from wheat. 面粉是小麦制成的。Wheat can be made into flour. 小麦可制成面粉。Bottles are made of glass. 瓶子是用玻璃制成的。Glass can be made into bottles. 玻璃可制成瓶子。
make up为“构成，组成”，主语为构成一个整体的各个个体，宾语是一个集合体。此结构用于被动语态时，需加介词of，构成be made up of短语。例如：Ten doctors make up a visiting team. 十位医生组成了一支访问团。A car is made up of many different parts. 一辆汽车是由许多不同的零件组成的。Life is made up of both sweetness and sorrow. 生活中既有甘，又有苦。
2、main, chief, major这三个词都有“重要的”之意。
main：“主要的”，只用于物，强调事物的某一部分、分支的重要性，大小及潜力优于其他部分、分支，或表示该部分在整个事物中占有显赫的地位。This article has in the main preserved the fairness of news reporting.该文章大体上保留了新闻报道所用的不偏不倚的风格。His main reason for going to the library was to look up the book he spoke of yesterday.他到图书馆去的主要原因是去找他昨天谈到的那本书。
major：“重大的，主要的”，指在规模，数量，重要性方面超出同类的其他事物。John has also played a major part in the improvement of the paper.约翰在改进这份报纸的工作中也起了较大的作用。It was not until late afternoon that he began to tackle the major problem.直到傍晚，他才开始处理重大问题。
chief: 主要的,首要的，强调在顺序,等级,重要性,价值方面高于其他所有同类事物,用于人时指 地位最高,用于物，意为 最重要的。The chief engineer is the most important of a group of engineers in a job. He is highest in rank and probably in pay.总工程师是参加一项工作的一组工程师中首要的一个，他的级别是最高的，薪水也可能是最高的。The chief reason for the great changes in the cultural field is the development of economy.经济发展是文化领域内发生巨大变化的主要原因。
3、material, matter, substance这三个词组都可作“物质，材料”讲。
material：“物质，物资，材料”，一般指具物理成份，构成某具体物体的物质，尤指人造物品的制作材料；有时则引申为现实观念或现实的根据或基础。如：raw material原材料，指能够进一步加工的物质，也指可以被进一步利用的事件，观念等，例如用作文学素材。With the development of industry, the consumption of raw material by industry has been rising surprisingly.随着工业的发展，工业所消耗的�
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