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1、rather than, other than, would rather(...than)
rather than是连词，前后两端所连的词性是一致的，通常译为“而不是”或“与其说是……不如说是”，有时可用短语介词instead of替代。例如：He was engaged in writing a letter rather than(= instead of) reading the newspaper.他那时是在写信而不是看报纸。John ought to go rather than(= instead of) Jean.应该去的是约翰，而不是吉恩。These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.这些鞋子谈不上漂亮，但穿起来倒很舒服。Evans is a historian rather than a writer.埃文斯与其说是个作家，不如说是个史学家。
other than有两种意思：一是用来表示否定意义，即“不同于（= different from)，非（= not);二是用来表示排除意义，即“除了”，相当于except。例如：The truth is quite other than what you think.事实真相和你们想的完全不一样。They are patriotic and support socialism, although many of them come from other than working class families.他们是爱国的，是拥护社会主义的，尽管他们当中有许多人并非出身于工人阶级家庭。She can hardly be other than grateful.她除了感激之外还能怎么样呢。He has visited every country in Asia other than Japan.除了日本之外，他访问了所有的亚洲国家。
would rather表示选择或主观上的愿望，其中的would亦可解作had。它表示“宁愿，宁可”的意思。如果要把取舍的双方都表达出来，则应该用would (or: had) rather … than,表示“宁愿……也不……”的意思。例如：My aunt invited me to the movies, but Isaid I had rather go on a picnic with thegirls.我的姑妈邀请我去看电影，可是我说我倒愿意跟女孩子们一起去野餐。I am sure they would (or: had) rather die than give up.我深信他们一定会宁死不屈。He would rather resign than take part in such a dishonest transaction.他宁愿辞职，也不愿参与那样不诚实的交易。
注意：would rather 后亦可接that从句，that通常省略，从句中用动词用过去时形式表示虚拟。 would rather...than的连词than后亦可接that从句。例如：I would (or: had) rather he came on Monday.我宁愿他星期一来。I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell one lie.我宁愿丢失一打樱桃树也不愿听你说一句谎话。
2、reach at, reach for
这两个词组都有“伸手去拿（取）”的意思，但涵义有所不同。
reach at的意思是“伸手企图去触摸或达到（try to touch or attain by reaching)。例如：He reached at the flowers in my hand.他伸手想触摸我手中的花。She reached at the glass, but it had dropped.她想把那个玻璃杯子抓住，但还是掉下去了。
reach for没有“企图”的含义，它指一般意义上的“伸手去拿（取）某种具体的实物”。例如：The boy stood on tiptoe and reached for the map on the wall.男孩踮着脚，伸出手去拿墙上的地图。Then, reaching for a pencil, he wrote down his telephone number.然后，他伸手拿了支铅笔，写下了他的电话号码。
3、refer to, refer...to
refer to中的refer是不及物动词，与介词to一起构成及物动词词组。它主要有三种意思：1.查阅，参考书 2. 指...而言，适用于 3.提到，提及。例如：In this connection, please refer to our letter of May 6.关于这个问题，请参阅我们五月六日的来信。Here he was re
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